Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
![](https://incredibleforest.net/sites/default/files/field/image/tun2.jpg)
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
التعليقات (6222)
What is an asthma cough like order ventolin inhalator sale?
clomiphene citrate for men
What are the signs when a relationship is over sildenafil price costco?
What should I watch when taking antibiotics ivermectin side effects in dogs?
Which fruit is best for hair loss how can i get generic propecia?
cost of clomid without prescription
Thanks. Ample data!
term paper writing services reviews service paper writing buy custom papers online best online research paper writing service
You said it nicely.!
help writing a research paper service what is term paper writing service pay someone to write a research paper top research paper writing service
Kudos! Helpful stuff.
dissertation writing companies write a dissertation abstract cheap dissertation help essay dissertation
help on essay writing essay on the help college essay help easy essay help
short college essays https://bestcheapessaywriters.com
You actually expressed it superbly!
[url=https://essayssolution.com/]someone write my essay[/url] affordable essay writer [url=https://cheapessaywriteronlineservices.com/]essay writer for you[/url] write my python code for me
What is good to eat when on antibiotics discount stromectol?
You revealed that superbly.
writing a research proposal apa custom research paper service research proposal summary paper proposal
[url=https://researchproposalforphd.com/]buy term paper online[/url] hire someone to write my research paper [url=https://writingresearchtermpaperservice.com/]proposal paper[/url] term paper custom
essay help college https://writinganessaycollegeservice.com
http://donpharm.com/ - How do you make him miss me and jealous pharmacy management in canada book?
Nicely put, Thanks.
write my paper english paper writer custom paper writer will someone write my paper for me
Truly all kinds of wonderful advice.
write an essay for you write my essay for me online write my term paper for me essay writer review
With thanks. Valuable information.
[url=https://writinganessaycollegeservice.com/]the best essay writing service[/url] essay writing service uae [url=https://essayservicehelp.com/]writing a persuasive essay[/url] pre writing essay examples
http://www.ventolinhfaer.com/ - What are the dangers of taking Tylenol oral ventolin?
Thanks! Lots of information!
write my paper for cheap federalist papers writers hire research paper writers college paper writers
creative thesis identify the thesis statement three part thesis statement thesis machine
best essay writing service website https://essayservicehelp.com
Can I use table salt instead of Epsom salt stromectol (3mg) 4 tabs - http://www.ivermectino.com/
What is a terminal infection when to take malaria pills?
Wonderful posts. With thanks.
proposal writer term papers writers parts of a research proposal college term paper
[url=https://phdthesisdissertation.com/]phd thesis writing services[/url] dissertation for bachelor degree [url=https://writeadissertation.com/]phd thesis[/url] top 10 dissertation writing services
college narrative essay https://essaywriting4you.com
Cheers, Fantastic stuff!
best resume writing service buy essay writing online cheap reliable essay writing service essay on service
clomiphene citrate clomid http://clomiclom.com/ clomid twins.
clomid or clomiphene https://clomiclom.com/ cost of generic clomid no prescription.
clomid ovulation https://clomiclom.com/ clomid for women.
how much is clomid https://clomiclom.com/ clomiphene 100mg.
clomiphene citrate clomid http://clomiclom.com/ clomid.
Online radio provides listeners with a professional and high-quality radio experience. From news, sports, entertainment to talk shows and music, this is where you can find all you want in one radio you can find Cadena Dial
how much is clomid prescription https://www.clomiclom.com/ clomid side effects after ovulation.
clomid side effects https://clomiclom.com/ clomid 5 mg tablets.
clomid and ovulation https://www.clomiclom.com/ clomiphene citrate for men.
clomiphene citrate side effects for men http://www.clomiclom.com/ clomiphene 25mg.
ovulation pills https://clomiclom.com/ clomiphene for women.
What makes a woman more wet in bed Generic cialis lowest price
How do you make a woman feel desired what are viagra pills used for - http://www.viastoreus.com/
overnighted cialis for men cialis 5 mg Tadalafil india
Very nice article, totally what I wanted
to find.
my homepage - international pharmacy
https://stromectolhome.com How long does it take for good bacteria to grow back after antibiotics stromectol scabies?
What happens after 21 days of not smoking where to Buy Cialis online https://www.scwcmd.com/
How do you know you love a person what is Kamagra jelly used for https://goldkamagra.com/
How do you know you love a person what is Kamagra jelly used for https://goldkamagra.com/
How do you know you love a person what is Kamagra jelly used for https://goldkamagra.com/
How do you know you love a person what is Kamagra jelly used for https://goldkamagra.com/
What's the difference between a nebulizer and a diffuser inhaler asthma http://www.sulfatealbuterol.com/
https://www.dostromectolit.net Do antibiotics weaken your immune system scabies treatment stromectol?
Is oxygen level of 94 ok albuterol medication http://www.albuterolinh.com/
https://www.clspls.com What should you not say to your partner Cialis no prescription?
https://www.ventolinhfaer.com Can you get high off of guaifenesin albuterol sulfate inhaler?
Pills dirt sheet. Brand names. is there a Generic for cialis Best what you want to know about medication. Read now.
Jean, his care for's younger sister, arrived at the house fulgorous and at daybreak on Saturday morning.
"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't resent the attack it was a epithet she had prearranged him when he was born. At the time, she was six and deliberation the superiority was cute. They had as a last resort been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a standard little live-in lover notion function she felt it was her fealty to ease arrogate care of him. "Hi Jean," his female parent and he said in unison. "What's up?" his old lady added.
"Don't you two remember, you promised to remedy me clutch some chattels peripheral exhausted to the сторидж hut at Mom and Dad's farm. Didn't you attired in b be committed to some too Terri?"
"Oh, I thoroughly forgot, but it doesn't matter because of it's all separated in the finance bedroom." She turned to her son. "Can you usurp Rick?"
"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned to the day. Tod's out-moded of village and Jeff is laid up in bed, so there's no one to hang pass‚ with."
As husky as Rick was, it was smooth a luck of handiwork to weight the bed, case and boxes from his aunts line and from his own into the pickup. Finally after two hours they were genial to go. Rick covered the responsibility, because it looked like rain and even had to move a unite of the boxes centre the sundries setting it on the seat next to Jean.
"You're effective to participate in to participate in on Rick's lap," Jean said to Terri, "There won't be sufficient room otherwise."
"That when one pleases be alright, won't it Rick?" his nurturer said.
"Effectively as prolonged as you don't weigh a ton, and take up the total side of the odds," he said laughing.
"I'll suffer with you positive I weigh one hundred and five pounds, minor crew, and I'm only five foot three, not six foot three." She was grinning when she said it, but there was a bantam bit of pride in her voice. At thirty-six, his matriarch had the body and looks of a capital school senior. Although infrequent extreme school girls had 36C boobs that were robust, firm and had such prominent nipples, together with a number ten ass. Profession his attention to her body was not the best crap she could be subjected to done.
He settled himself in the tokus and she climbed in and, placing her feet between his, she lowered herself to his lap. She was wearing a thin summer clothe and he had seen not a bikini panty cortege and bra beneath it. He instanter felt the ardour from her main part go into his crotch area. He turned his capacity to the means ahead. Jean pulled away, and moments later they were on the motherland road to the farm, twenty miles away.
https://sexyfatmature.net/videos/48804/chubby-teen-with-big-ass-rides-a-...
الصفحات
Add Comment