Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Commenti (8952)
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
Download apk file casino mostbet - play today!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
Download apk file online casino mostbet - play now!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
Upload apk file BC mostbet - play today!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
Download application casino mostbet - play right now!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
[url=https://lararnastidning.se/larar_rev/www/delivery/ck.php?oaparams=2__ban...
[url=http://fundacionindex.com/bootstrap/pages/login.php?url=https://mostbet-...
[url=https://oedietdoebe.nl/?wptouch_switch=desktop&redirect=https://mostbet-...
[url=http://gorod-ust-labinsk.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&...
[url=http://iqfinance.ru.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mo...
[url=http://www.google.gl/url?q=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet[/url]
[url=https://property.hk/eng/cnp/content.php?h=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru...
[url=http://www.guntoi.com/redirect.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]m...
[url=http://vinsanoat.uz/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=htt...
[url=http://devizesschooldevizes.2day.ws/DevizesSchoolDevizes/search/?url=htt...
[url=https://uoft.me/index.php?format=simple&action=shorturl&url=https://most...
[url=https://spalding-labs.com/user/emailforgottenpassword.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2F...
[url=http://libaware.eco1wins.com/link.php?https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mo...
[url=http://www.smilemichigan.comrandrpropertyrehab.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=htt...
[url=http://rochestertrackclub.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-ob...
Upload latest version of the application casino mostbet - play today!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
[url=https://nieuws.rvent.nl/bitmailer/statistics/mailstatclick/42261?ab=http...
[url=https://imagemaker360.com/Viewer/Feature/Schools.asp?URL=https://mostbet...
[url=http://rodbuilding-ua.com/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&go...
[url=http://km10805.keymachine.de/php.php?a=mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
[url=https://cse.google.sk/url?q=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet[/url]
[url=http://gudinimarket.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://mostbet-polny-ob...
[url=https://chtbl.com/track/9EDG43/https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet[/...
[url=https://images.sandbox.t.me/s/worldcasinonet.vn/url?q=https://mostbet-po...
[url=https://absolon.blog.idnes.cz/redir.aspx?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor...
[url=http://teploizol.ru/?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet[/url]
[url=http://6030000.ru/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mos...
[url=http://gbna.org/redirect.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet...
[url=http://www.sexymaturemovies.com/cgi-bin/atx/out.cgi?id=408&tag=top&trade...
[url=https://pruszkow.praca.gov.pl/ru/rynek-pracy/bazy-danych/infodoradca//-/...
[url=https://hinshawlaw.vuture.net/edit/email_handler.aspx?sid=a7e28f7e-dce2-...
[url=http://bijo-kawase.com/cushion.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]m...
[url=https://nl.bongacams.com/chat-popup/Maxandtokio1?hit_url=https://mostbet...
[url=http://advansystech.org.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru...
[url=https://fdzone.org/forum/j.php?u=https://mostbet-polny-obzor.ru/]mostbet...
Download latest version of the application online casino mostbet - win now!
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
mostbet
Everybody enjoys the majority of the discussion posts, When i basically encountered, I had desire additional information on that, simply because it truly is brilliant., Having on account of receive distribution.
V
Curious about Bakar77's high RTP slots? Immerse yourself in a world of thrilling games with impressive Return to Player rates. Experience the excitement and discover winning potential with Bakar77's impressive RTP. It's time to take your gaming to new heights! bakar77 slot
Inspiring quest there. What occurred after? Good
luck!
Feel free to visit my web blog ... best erectile dysfunction drug
VDO PTHC & PTSC ART VDO PTSC Picture PTHC & PTSC And Orther More
Content from TOR websites Magic Kingdom, TLZ,
Childs Play, Baby Heart, Giftbox, Hoarders Hell.
h**p://gurl.pro/nyjd3x
h**p://lmy.de/VcVs
h**p://gg.gg/18crr1
h**p://cutt.us/XHMMu
OPVA, Pedo Playground, GirlsHUB, Lolita City
More 3000 videos and 20000 photos girls and boys.
h**p://gurl.pro/nyjd3x
h**p://lmy.de/VcVs
h**p://gg.gg/18crr1
h**p://cutt.us/XHMMu
The new and exclusive material and complete series
Full Siberian Mouse, Bibigon, Syrup, Buratino packs
h**p://gurl.pro/nyjd3x
h**p://lmy.de/VcVs
h**p://gg.gg/18crr1
h**p://cutt.us/XHMMu
That you searched! Hasten to download!
Huge archive!!! A heap of video for all tastes!
We do not hesitate, we download, and that can and be late.
0111
https://lmy.de/HwsE
http://gg.gg/187beh
https://inlnk.ru/Bp8YPE
https://bit.ly/3zLL3Jx
https://cutt.us/hpie0
If you are a student then you might be feeling a lot of stress regarding your studies which is not good for your health. It also affects your exam grades due to which you are not able to concentrate fully on your studies. If you want to know how to focus on homework Maintain a healthy lifestyle and stay hydrated at all times. Because only a good, healthy physique can lead to success in all endeavors. Furthermore, you shouldn't worry about any pressure or incapacity you experience when completing your homework. But if you continue to feel under pressure, it's best to get professional help. You can rely on them without much concern.
I did benefit from browsing article content uploaded on this website. They're just notable and features numerous important material. UFABETโปรโมชั่นเว็บบอล
https://radiopaedia.org/users/flagyl-antibiotic/ metronidazole 500mg antibiotic and drinking. Medications and Sports Medicine - Optimizing Athletic Recovery
https://www.sigmachiiu.com/forums/users/metronidazole/ flagyl 400 mg bula. What is the current understanding of asthma and allergies
1win download
best anal porno
1win
https://www.sigmachiiu.com/forums/users/vardenafil/ how long levitra last. Advances in Proton Therapy for Cancer Treatment
https://www.sigmachiiu.com/forums/users/furosemide/ furosemide 20 mg tablet. Advanced cleaning-in-place (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) systems streamline equipment maintenance.
https://radiopaedia.org/users/fildena-100/ buy fildena 50mg sale. Modern equipment supports the development of personalized cancer therapies, including CAR-T cell therapies.
https://www.sigmachiiu.com/forums/users/ventolin-hfa/ albuterol inhaler. Medications and Hair Growth Stimulation - Fostering Lush Locks
https://radiopaedia.org/users/cenforce-india/ cenforce 100 tablets. Medications for gastrointestinal disorders alleviate symptoms like acid reflux, ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome.
fastest toto macau market
Discover High Profits at ALEXISTOGEL's Toto Macau Marketplace
ALEXISTOGEL merupakan situs togel toto macau terpercaya No 1
mempersembahkan pasaran terpopuler, prediksi togel trik
terjitu mencapai keuntungan berlipat
https://www.sigmachiiu.com/forums/users/z-pack/ Azithromycin oral suspension. What OTC options are there for weight loss support?
[url=http://www.chooseablowjob.com/cgi-bin/out.cgi?id=greg44&url=https://melb...
[url=http://www.www.kongweb.net/home/link.php?url=https://melbet-betting-eg.c...
[url=http://my.squirrly.co/go34692/csrracinghackworking.wordpress.comhttps://...
[url=https://maps.t.me/s/worldcasinonet.cu/url?q=https://melbet-betting-eg.co...
[url=https://ikansy.com/wp-content/themes/begin5.2/inc/go.php?url=https://mel...
[url=http://demo96.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=https:...
[url=http://www.bulletformyvalentine.info/go.php?url=https://melbet-betting-e...
[url=https://pmplus.by/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=https...
[url=http://treespk.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=https...
[url=http://kompressor-centr.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&g...
[url=https://www.nfaap.org/sso/sso.aspx?nfredirect=https://melbet-betting-eg....
[url=http://www.samoyede.ro/guestbook/go.php?url=https://melbet-betting-eg.co...
[url=http://silverphoto.my1.ru/go?https://melbet-betting-eg.com/]melbet[/url]
[url=https://jobsass.com/jobclick/?RedirectURL=https://melbet-betting-eg.com/...
[url=http://cn-sec.com/wp-content/themes/begin-lts-1/inc/go.php?url=https://m...
Download apk file online casino melbet - win right now!
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
оформить карту рассрочки Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
I keep listening to the news bulletin lecture about getting free online
grfant applications so I have been looiing around for the most eexcellent site to gget one.
Could you advise me please, where could i find some?
Feel free to surf to myy webpage - naklejki z kolorowymi kwadratami https://naklejkinasciane.z20.web.core.windows.net/
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
оформить карту рассрочки Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
My brother suggested I might like this web site.
He was entirely right. This post truly made my day.
You can not imagine just how much time I had spent for this info!
Thanks!
My blog post best bitcoin mining stocks (Rhea)
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
оформить карту рассрочки Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on nurse call bell. Regards
Feel free to surf to my site nurse call button
Hey there! I've been reading your weblog for some time now and finally got the bravery to go ahead
and give you a shout out from Houston Texas! Just wanted to
tell you keep up the great work!
Here is my web-site; Mostbet Casino
Hey! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering which
blog platform are you using for this website? I'm getting sick and tired
of Wordpress because I've had problems with hackers and I'm looking at options for another platform.
I would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
Also visit my blog: 카지노사이트
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
оформить карту рассрочки Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
Upload apk file BC mostbet - win right now!
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
melbet
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
оформить кредитную карту Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
These are truly great ideas in about blogging.
You have touched some good factors here. Any way keep up wrinting.
Feel free to surf to my site: KISSBOBO GLE10 wearable breast pump
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
кредитная карта Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
кредитная карта Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
кредитная карта Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
кредитная карта Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
кредитная карта Халва от Совкомбанка
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Халва
Nice post! This is a very nice blog that I will definitively come back to more times this year! Thanks for informative post.UFABETค่าน้ำแทงบอลมากที่สุด
Ответственность перед природой пакеты для медицинских отходов
пакет для сбора хранения и транспортировки медицинских отходов купить https://pakety-dlya-medicinskih-othodov-mos.ru/.
Awesome blog. I enjoyed reading your articles. This is truly a great read for me. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work! UFABETเว็บตรงเดิมพันไม่มีขั้นต่ำ
Hi, after reading this amazing post i am too happy to share my knowledge here with mates.
Review my page :: bet 364
Magnificent goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too wonderful. I really like what you have acquired here, really like what you’re saying and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it wise. I can’t wait to read much more from you. This is really a terrific site.
khuyến mãi sv66
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
last sport news
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
sport
Wonderful goods from you, man. I've understand
your stuff previous to and you are just too great.
I really like what you have acquired here, really like what you are saying and the way in which you say it.
You make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it sensible.
I cant wait to read much more from you. This is
really a tremendous site.
Visit my web site; Upgrade home interiors
Hello there, I discovered your blog via Google at the same time as searching for a related
topic, your site came up, it seems to be good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Hi there, simply was aware of your blog via Google, and located that it's really informative.
I'm gonna watch out for brussels. I will be grateful should you proceed this in future.
Numerous folks might be benefited out of your writing.
Cheers!
Also visit my web site ... High quality stainless steel storage for office
Pagine
Add Comment