Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Commenti (8947)
Привет!
Сколько стоит получить диплом высшего и среднего образования легально?
mans-diplom.ru/kupit-diplom-sssr
Всегда вам поможем!.
Добрый день!
Мы можем предложить документы техникумов
markusragger.at/chess/index.php/kforum/jm-news-pro-module/653934
guiltyworld.getbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=3730
comptonrpp.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=742
les-ailes-chalaisiennes.com/forum/topic/надежное-оформление-дипломов/#postid-19546
video.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=419
Заказать документ о получении высшего образования вы имеете возможность в нашей компании.
todaybookmarks.com/story17732896/diplom
bookmark-vip.com/story17713166/diplom
tadalive.com/blog/337907/diplom-kupit-436063mf
wr1te.com/diplom-27881mwppy
pr1bookmarks.com/story17674809/diplom
Здравствуйте!
Как правильно купить диплом колледжа и пту в России, подводные камни
landik-diploms-srednee.ru/attestat-shkoly
Привет!
Мы готовы предложить дипломы любых профессий по разумным ценам.
diplomrushkan.ru/kupit-diplom-moskva
Здравствуйте!
Купить документ о получении высшего образования
finttech.ru/diplomyi-vseh-urovney-obrazovaniya
letterboxd.com/sonnick84/list/filmlist:48641266
human.forumieren.de/t322-topic#392
revolverp.forumex.ru/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=311
dachkanews.ru/diplomyi-dlya-professionalnogo-rosta
Привет, друзья!
Заказать документ университета можно у нас.
rushkas-diploms.ru
Купить документ ВУЗа.
offmarketbusinessforsale.com/kupit-diplom-163344xmrso
ragingbookmarks.com/story17650523/kupit-diplom
modernbookmarks.com/story17471195/kupit-diplom
kankerala.org/uncategorized/kupit-diplom-13123guefr
taondinternational.rudraserver.com/blog/index.php?entryid=131662
Привет!
Приобрести документ университета
formulaf1.ru/byistroe-i-legkoe-poluchenie-diploma
g95334gq.beget.tech/2024/07/18/oformite-diplom-bez-ozhidaniya
dailygram.com/blog/1307412/диплом-о-высшем-образовании-за-короткий-срок
simplemachines.org/about/smf/stats.php
a90275db.beget.tech/2024/07/22/diplomy-dlya-vashego-karernogo-rosta
Здравствуйте!
Заказать диплом о высшем образовании.
forum.drustvogil-galad.si/index.php?topic=14421.0
elearning.ims-schulungen.de/blog/index.php?entryid=64943
score808.chat/blogs/5674/Главные-расходы-производителя-документов-специальный-обзор
mynewsport.ru/page/2
apk.tw/space-uid-6366823
Привет!
Легальная покупка диплома ПТУ с сокращенной программой обучения
mans-diplomasxx.ru/attestat-za-9-klass
Окажем помощь!.
Pretty good post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts. Any way I'll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you post again soon. Big thanks for the useful info. 10 estilo ng damit na isinusuot sa india
Здравствуйте!
Диплом о высшем образовании
alternativaprofi.com/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=33707
Здравствуйте!
Заказать диплом о высшем образовании
forum.hi-def.ru/index.php?
leadrp.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=411
sz.80lvl.ru/posting.php?mode=post&f=9&sid=0a978c354c4f5edeb9f55e3b3077a316
kids-news.ru/byistroe-poluchenie-diplomov-vseh-urovney
mireait.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=487
If you are looking for more information about flat rate locksmith Las Vegas check that right away. Health blogs
индийский пасьянс гадание онлайн бесплатно индийский пасьянс гадание онлайн бесплатно .
You have beaten yourself this time, and I appreciate you and hopping for some more informative posts in future. Thank you for sharing great information to us. bakit ang varanasi banal na lungsod ng india
продвижение продвижение .
[u][b] Привет, друзья![/b][/u]
Заказать диплом о высшем образовании
[b]Наши специалисты предлагают[/b] быстро и выгодно приобрести диплом, который выполнен на бланке ГОЗНАКа и заверен печатями, водяными знаками, подписями. Диплом способен пройти любые проверки, даже при помощи специфических приборов. Решайте свои задачи быстро и просто с нашими дипломами.
[b]Где заказать диплом специалиста?[/b]
[url=http://entrainment.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=96&t=24288/]entrainment.lis...
[url=http://fauna.0pk.me/viewtopic.php?id=1360#p6280/]fauna.0pk.me/viewtopic....
[url=http://telegra.ph/celevoe-obuchenie-v-medicinskom-vuze-07-24-2/]telegra....
[url=http://rakisochi.ru/users/20/]rakisochi.ru/users/20[/url]
[url=http://forum.7x.ru/member.php?u=16498/]forum.7x.ru/member.php?u=16498[/url]
Заказать документ о получении высшего образования вы можете в нашей компании в столице.
njkkot.org/?document_srl=1142698
elearning.maniatech-academy.co.uk/blog/index.php?entryid=283289
bookmarkbirth.com/story17525456/diplom
luxuriousrentz.com/diplom-640929lanuc
sttimothysignal.org/groups/diplom-kupit-650917pd
Привет, друзья!
Приобрести документ о получении высшего образования можно в нашем сервисе. Мы оказываем услуги по изготовлению и продаже документов об окончании любых университетов РФ. Вы получите необходимый диплом по любой специальности, включая документы Советского Союза. Даем 100% гарантию, что в случае проверки документов работодателем, подозрений не появится.
wiki.sports-5.ch/index.php?title=Максимально_быстрый_путь_к_профессиональному_признанию
cslregister.com/forum/member.php?u=6225
p33340zg.beget.tech/2024/07/23/diplomy-dlya-uspeshnyh-karernyh-izmeneniy
mykinotime.ru/dostupnyie-diplomyi-s-garantiey-kachestva
kingcityrp.moibb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=477
Здравствуйте!
Мы можем предложить дипломы любых профессий по приятным ценам.
telegra.ph/distancionnoe-obuchenie-v-sportivnyh-vuzah-08-02
Здравствуйте!
Заказать документ университета можно у нас в столице.
g95183sh.bget.ru/users/eginyl
Добрый день!
Приобрести документ о получении высшего образования
hariharparagovernmentiti.com/2024/07/27/kupit-diplom-330217wkrlt
bookmarkfox.com/story3072850/kupit-diplom
linkedbookmarker.com/story3022250/kupit-diplom
linkedbookmarker.com/story3022005/kupit-diplom
wisesocialsmedia.com/story2956331/kupit-diplom
Greetings from Ohio! I'm bored at work so I decided to check out your site
on my iphone during lunch break. I really like the info you provide here and can't wait to take a look
when I get home. I'm shocked at how fast your
blog loaded on my mobile .. I'm not even using WIFI, just 3G ..
Anyways, fantastic blog!
Feel free to surf to my website; ОПН для сетей 35-500 кВ
Привет!
Официальная покупка диплома вуза с упрощенной программой обучения
pngfire.gov.pg/2021/07/20/regional-stakeholder-consultation/#comment-48447
Рады оказать помощь!.
Привет, друзья!
Приобрести диплом любого университета.
speicher-photovoltaik.de/profile/?u=31895
Привет!
Приобрести документ ВУЗа.
forum.osvita.od.ua/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=29201
hitman.getbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=949
ford-talks.ru/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=5110
ekonomimvmeste.ukrbb.net/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=60418
innovator24.com/read-blog/5895
Добрый день!
Заказать документ университета
guyub.net/read-blog/7723
bharatpage.com/read-blog/583
bombosait.ru/gallery/image/121-какие-онлайн-магазины-с-документами-на-текущий-момент-есть
sonnick84.dbblog.net/1487816/Что-требуется-из-оборудования-для-производства-диплома
shop.robrowser.net/index.php?/files/file/38-какие-онлайн-магазины-с-документами-на-текущий-день-существуют
I think the admin of this website is truly working hard for his site,
for the reason that here every information is quality
based data.
my web-site; whole melt disposables
https://vespatogel.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-dingdong.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-partai.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-shio.tumblr.com/
https://toto-berkah.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-hadiah.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-hk.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-daftar01.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-alternatif.tumblr.com/
https://winx500.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkah-toto.tumblr.com/
https://line303-situs.tumblr.com/
https://jackpot303-situs.tumblr.com/
https://freebet77-demo.tumblr.com/
https://mpototo-situs.tumblr.com/
https://mpo5000-livedraw.tumblr.com/
https://togelresmi-terbaik.tumblr.com/
https://tokobonus.tumblr.com/
https://wdbos-freebet.tumblr.com/
https://virtualhome360.pt/wp-content/resmi/
https://testnbug.com/wp-includes/resmi/
https://w77casino.tumblr.com/
https://link-m77casino.tumblr.com/
https://link-mas77.tumblr.com/
https://kedanjos-link.tumblr.com/
https://link-kenzo188.tumblr.com/
https://surga188slot.tumblr.com/
https://kuda338daftarslot.tumblr.com/
https://slotpaman303.tumblr.com/
https://jntslot.tumblr.com/
https://xl-slot.tumblr.com/
https://agenwin88.tumblr.com/
https://daftargacorx500.tumblr.com/
https://daftarlineslot.tumblr.com/
https://slotmaxwin178.tumblr.com/
https://osg888slot.tumblr.com/
https://slot-freebet.tumblr.com/
https://daftarups4d.tumblr.com/
https://daftarosg168.tumblr.com/
https://daftarugslot.tumblr.com/
https://daftarmpo-slot.tumblr.com/
https://tokekslot.tumblr.com/
https://agenjpslot.tumblr.com/
https://jp-paus.tumblr.com/
https://betplace88.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkahaa.tumblr.com/
https://siniwin.tumblr.com/
https://totoberkahbri.tumblr.com/
https://signalgacor.tumblr.com/
https://toto303a.tumblr.com/
https://slothonda88.tumblr.com/
https://sisusan77.tumblr.com/
https://rtp4dslot.tumblr.com/
https://sapi-toto.tumblr.com/
https://link-depobos.tumblr.com/
https://wdbosa.tumblr.com/
https://line-slot.tumblr.com/
https://depobos-bonus.tumblr.com/
https://link-osg168.tumblr.com/
https://link-wdbos.tumblr.com/
https://link-tajir777.tumblr.com/
https://link-omset4d.tumblr.com/
https://link-kuda338.tumblr.com/
https://link-aw8.tumblr.com/
https://link-kedanjos.tumblr.com/
https://kedanjos-link.tumblr.com/
https://link-jadijp.tumblr.com/
https://link-erajp.tumblr.com/
https://link-oyoslot.tumblr.com/
https://daftar-pokerace99.tumblr.com/
https://link-mantul88.tumblr.com/
https://link-rajapool.tumblr.com/
https://link-gacor288.tumblr.com/
https://indo-slot777.tumblr.com/
https://link-osg888.tumblr.com/
Привет!
Купить диплом о высшем образовании.
getsocialsource.com/story2959288/kupit-diplom
socialbookmarkgs.com/story17713141/kupit-diplom
bookmarktune.com/story17575693/kupit-diplom
fridayad.in/user/profile/2633229
thecatalystapproach.com/kupit-diplom-193715myxxo
managerhotels.com/business-small-business/kupit-diplom-605368tzscg
thebookmarkid.com/story17734075/kupit-diplom
muhammadcenter.com/kupit-diplom-90410gmjgw
fridayad.in/user/profile/2634778
artybookmarks.com/story17564115/kupit-diplom
Привет!
Купить диплом о высшем образовании.
ashwinihydropneumatics.com/diplom-795230vsrht
youlangue.lu/blog/index.php?entryid=84594
medexmd.com/community/profile/janessaalanson3
ecrinparis.com/diplom-713449mdowl
itdongnam.com/diplom-kupit-248089vv
kankerala.org/uncategorized/diplom-kupit-101836cb
kingbookmark.com/story17729716/diplom
campusvirtual.newlink.es/blog/index.php?entryid=15436
bookmarkzap.com/story17560344/diplom
mykindadoctor.com/diplom-565516ixqtg
vibesvietnam.com/diplom-580788lrnfn
sociallytraffic.com/story2475601/diplom
kankerala.org/uncategorized/diplom-kupit-557949ij
tuzari.shop/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=1455
zanybookmarks.com/story17737543/diplom
artybookmarks.com/story17559822/diplom
luxuriousrentz.com/diplom-205498zhiam
scrapbookmarket.com/story17673623/diplom
mypresspage.com/story3033925/diplom
freeflashgamesnow.com/profile/2772041/KrystynaHau
Привет!
Мы изготавливаем дипломы психологов, юристов, экономистов и прочих профессий.
nmpeoplesrepublick.com/community/profile/melanieoman5658
pr8bookmarks.com/story17726615/diplom
hindibookmark.com/story19222885/diplom
kankerala.org/uncategorized/diplom-681178qokym
arandaasesoria.com/diplom-kupit-287336bh
ashwinihydropneumatics.com/diplom-kupit-629494py
offmarketbusinessforsale.com/diplom-598183lnbam
growthbookmarks.com/story17589261/diplom
bookmarkcork.com/story18194977/diplom
myfirstbookmark.com/story17680211/diplom
pirooztak.ir/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=1356805
edux.izvrsna.hr/blog/index.php?entryid=196
listfav.com/story19058140/diplom
freeflashgamesnow.com/profile/2772002/ErnaMchenry
xyzbookmarks.com/story17516720/diplom
ada.waaron.org/blog/index.php?entryid=7290
mykindadoctor.com/diplom-220750soqzz
njkkot.org/?document_srl=1143425
thesocialintro.com/story3098259/diplom
krovbar.ru/strashnye-istorii/diplom-367589iodqp
Где приобрести диплом специалиста?
toprankdesign.co.uk/wiki/index.php?title=User:CollinOreilly8
luxuriousrentz.com/diplom-kupit-855134mv
tvsocialnews.com/story3026491/diplom
taondinternational.rudraserver.com/blog/index.php?entryid=137379
dealeaphotography.com/2024/07/diplom-151139wkcce
Привет, друзья!
Купить документ института можно у нас в столице. Мы оказываем услуги по производству и продаже документов об окончании любых университетов Российской Федерации.
frichinvestigation.org/node/4588
bakinsky-dvorik.ru/forum/?PAGE_NAME=profile_view&UID=188967
fromrus.su/index.php?/topic/13488-купить-диплом-t707k
camillacastro.us/forums/viewtopic.php?pid=406310#p406310
advanced-retail.a2hosted.com/doku.php?id=landsdiplomy
Привет, друзья!
Мы предлагаем дипломы психологов, юристов, экономистов и прочих профессий по приятным ценам.
operazionispeciali.it/cb-profile/pluginclass/cbblogs?action=blogs&func=show&id=258
viracore.vip/read-blog/5518
huarenjiaohui.com/index.php?/gallery/image/122-вы-хотите-приобрести-диплом-заходите-в-наш-онлайн-магазин
g95334gq.beget.tech/2024/07/09/priobretaem-diplom-v-izvestnom-onlayn-magazine-po-vygodnoy-stoimosti
bundas24.com/read-blog/128994_cena-diploma-avtorskij-obzor-ekspertov
Заказать диплом университета.
dachkanews.ru/kupit-diplom-onlayn-nadezhno-i-udobno
bvf.ru/forum/showthread.php?p=25248753#post25248753
borderforum.ru/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=10294&sid=28cb62f59c5aa246312f7d4a4668aa7d
grot.getbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1050
telegra.ph/Bystroe-Oformlenie-Diplomov-Nadezhno-i-Legalno-07-09
Привет, друзья!
Мы изготавливаем дипломы.
ya.bestbb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=3001#p6629
ya.5bb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=19885#p60203
inteam.maxbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=1531&sid=9f520145cde7d580bff2804482a2d345
автомедведь.рф/club/log/?SECTION_CODE=log
chaodisiaque.com/forum/viewtopic.php?pid=22026#p22026
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
Заказать диплом о высшем образовании
[url=http://managerhotels.com/business-small-business/kupit-diplom-793731yauf...
[url=http://yourbookmarklist.com/story17799175/kupit-diplom]yourbookmarklist....
[url=http://extrabookmarking.com/story17680921/kupit-diplom]extrabookmarking....
[url=http://mnobookmarks.com/story17591804/kupit-diplom]mnobookmarks.com/stor...
[url=http://redhotbookmarks.com/story17631460/kupit-diplom]redhotbookmarks.co...
[url=http://7prbookmarks.com/story17668021/kupit-diplom]7prbookmarks.com/stor...
[url=http://koolegardi.ir/2024/07/27/kupit-diplom-551105qankl]koolegardi.ir/2...
[url=http://edux.izvrsna.hr/blog/index.php?entryid=50]edux.izvrsna.hr/blog/in...
[url=http://offmarketbusinessforsale.com/kupit-diplom-960504swrzo]offmarketbu...
[url=http://nowbookmarks.com/story17667821/kupit-diplom]nowbookmarks.com/stor...
Привет, друзья!
Как приобрести аттестат о среднем образовании в Москве и других городах
d.mwoff.org/index.php?/topic/10452-информация-a751g
Привет!
Мы предлагаем документы техникумов
ayusha95.blogspot.com/2020/04/3-1-3
Привет, друзья!
Заказать диплом университета.
telegra.ph/zachem-nuzhna-spravka-ob-obuchenii-v-vuze-08-02
Привет, друзья!
Официальная покупка школьного аттестата с упрощенным обучением в Москве
карачаевский-район.рф/forum/forum1/topic1
Привет!
Мы предлагаем дипломы психологов, юристов, экономистов и прочих профессий по приятным ценам.
telegra.ph/kak-podavat-dokumenty-na-postuplenie-v-vuz-v-drugoj-gorod-08-02
Добрый день!
Полезные советы по безопасной покупке диплома о высшем образовании
kkuzovenko.blogspot.de/2015/07/face-2-change-photo-ready-cushion-bb
Поможем вам всегда!.
What's up all, here every person is sharing these kinds of knowledge, therefore
it's good to read this webpage, and I used to go
to see this blog every day.
Feel free to surf to my web page; dental dentist near me - atarde.edu.pl,
Привет!
Диплом любой специальности
telegra.ph/obuchenie-invalidov-v-vuzah-08-02
Привет, друзья!
Заказать диплом академии
telegra.ph/vuzy-s-distancionnym-obucheniem-v-kazahstane-08-02
Добрый день!
Заказать диплом любого университета.
pagenotfound94.blogspot.com/2017/03/construct-2_97
Pagine
Add Comment