Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Commenti (8947)
[url=https://zverevo.news161.ru]новости зверева[/url]
Свежие новости города Зверево Ростовской области
https://zverevo.news161.ru
[url=http://www.traumfaehrte.de/core.php?p=books&l=en&do=show&tag=2774&id=205...
[url=http://www.girlznation.com/cgi-bin/atc/out.cgi?id=50&l=side&u=https://ri...
[url=http://hikinginth.smokys.com/index.cgi?token=1527097447&action=state&sta...
[url=http://bitcoinaussiesystem.net.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz...
[url=http://maps.google.ge/url?q=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahrez[/url]
[url=http://www.google.com.bo/url?q=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahrez[/url]
[url=http://www.stipendije.info/phpAdsNew/adclick.php?bannerid=129&zoneid=1&s...
[url=http://www.ndwa.com.jo/goto.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahrez[/...
[url=http://bpmj.nl.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahrez[/url]
[url=http://www.taiwancanoe.com.tw/instpage.php?r=&w=100%&h=800&url=wspdropsh...
[url=http://www.bestfd.com/home/link.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahr...
[url=http://cauc142.psend.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]m...
[url=http://www.calendar.by/go.php?url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]mahrez[/url]
[url=http://ermak-ufa.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=htt...
[url=http://en.thinkexist.com/common/redirect.asp?dir=https://riyad-mahrez-cz...
last news about Riyad Mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
mahrez
[url=https://doneczk.news161.ru]https://doneczk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Донецк Ростовской области
doneczk.news161.ru
Привет, друзья!
Вопросы и ответы: можно ли быстро купить диплом старого образца?
lider-school174.com/forum/user/3059
Рады оказать помощь!.
[url=https://salsk.news161.ru]http://www.salsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Сальска Ростовской области
http://salsk.news161.ru
Привет!
Заказать документ о получении высшего образования можно в нашей компании в столице.
book-club.rggu.ru/2013/10/blog-post
[url=https://azov.news161.ru/]www.azov.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Азов Ростовской области
https://www.azov.news161.ru/
[url=https://aksaj.news161.ru]новости аксая[/url]
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
www.aksaj.news161.ru
[url=http://avivi.info/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://inst21vek.ru/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news16...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.dom.upn.ru/redirect.asp?BID=1851%26url=https://rostovskaya-ob...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://showmania.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news16...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://m.smdv.kr/member/login.html?noMemberOrder=&returnUrl=https://rost...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://hyprn.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://fyple.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://mpa.artlife.tw/mall/redirect.php?action=panner&panner_id=8&goto=h...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.korolevremont.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&eve...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://japancosmetica.ru.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.ne...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://news.gcffm.de/forward.php?f=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.gratuit.telechargementz.tv/redirect.php?url=https://rostovska...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.atlantic-county.org/webadmin/MainPages/redirect.asp?page=http...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://guar-nsk.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=http...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.mi-emailer.co.uk/link.aspx?comp=CON2&refer=100264446&dest=htt...новости ростовской области[/url]
Последние новости Ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
[url=https://czimlyansk.news161.ru]https://www.czimlyansk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Цимлянска Ростовской области
https://www.czimlyansk.news161.ru
[url=https://novoshahtinsk.news161.ru]Новошахтинск[/url]
Свежие новости города Новошахтинска Ростовской области
www.novoshahtinsk.news161.ru
[url=https://shahty.news161.ru]www.shahty.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Шахты Ростовской области
www.shahty.news161.ru
[url=https://semikarakorsk.news161.ru]https://www.semikarakorsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Семикаракорска Ростовской области
www.semikarakorsk.news161.ru
[url=https://batajsk.news161.ru]http://batajsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Батайск Ростовской области
batajsk.news161.ru
[url=https://novocherkassk.news161.ru]http://novocherkassk.news161.ru[/url]
свежие новости города Новочеркасска Ростовской области
http://www.novocherkassk.news161.ru
[url=https://zverevo.news161.ru]новости зверева[/url]
Свежие новости города Зверево Ростовской области
www.zverevo.news161.ru
[url=https://konstantinovsk.news161.ru]konstantinovsk.news161.ru[/url]
свежие новости города Константиновска Ростовской области
Константиновск
[url=https://volgodonsk.news161.ru]Волгодонск[/url]
Свежие новости города Волгодонска Ростовской области
Волгодонск
[url=https://salsk.news161.ru]salsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Сальска Ростовской области
www.salsk.news161.ru
[url=https://aksaj.news161.ru]http://www.aksaj.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
аксай
[url=https://czimlyansk.news161.ru]Цимлянск[/url]
Свежие новости города Цимлянска Ростовской области
https://czimlyansk.news161.ru
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
[b]Как купить диплом о высшем образовании с минимальными рисками[/b]
[url=http://google.at/url?q=aurus-diploms.com/]google.at/url?q=aurus-diploms....
[url=http://exbb.info/community/rd.php?https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.gongye360.com/adlog.php?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news16...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://przyjazniseniorom.com/language/en/?returnUrl=https://rostovskaya-...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://gowhidbey.net/redirect.asp?id=446&url=https://rostovskaya-oblast....новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.retail.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&ev...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://allrealgay.com/dtr/link.php?gr=2&id=d627fa&url=https://rostovskay...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://images.google.com.ec/url?q=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://www.sakigake-otome.com/rank/out.cgi?id=movick&url=https://rostovs...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://cse.t.me/s/worldcasinonet.et/url?sa=t&url=https://rostovskaya-obl...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://maschinenportal24.com/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://rostovskaya-obla...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://chuangzaoshi.com/Go/?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://censky.blog.idnes.cz/redir.aspx?url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.ne...новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://postim.by/away?to=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://contempglass.org/?URL=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]новости ростовской области[/url]
[url=http://pixel.everesttech.net/1350/cq?ev_sid=10&ev_ltx=&ev_lx=44113318857...новости ростовской области[/url]
Последние новости Ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
новости ростовской области
[url=https://semikarakorsk.news161.ru]Семикаракорск[/url]
Свежие новости города Семикаракорска Ростовской области
http://semikarakorsk.news161.ru
Привет, друзья!
Мы изготавливаем дипломы психологов, юристов, экономистов и прочих профессий.
Приобретение диплома, который подтверждает обучение в ВУЗе, - это выгодное решение.
lodowisko.pszow.pl/forum/memberlist.php?start=4575&sk=b&sd=a
Рады оказать помощь!.
[url=https://konstantinovsk.news161.ru]https://konstantinovsk.news161.ru[/url]
свежие новости города Константиновска Ростовской области
https://konstantinovsk.news161.ru
[url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]riyad-mahrez-cz.biz[/url]
last news about Riyad Mahrez
https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz
[url=https://azov.news161.ru/]https://azov.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Азов Ростовской области
http://azov.news161.ru/
Hi there! This is my first comment here so I just wanted to give a quick shout out and tell you I
truly enjoy reading your articles. Can you recommend any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the same subjects?
Thank you!
My blog ... bokep indonesia
Exchange text Backlinks
We provide you with 17 high quality Duflo links
Who wants to exchange text links
Please contact us via email
links127@hotmail.com
<a href="https://www.eljnoub.com/">شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://www.rauhane.net/">شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://hurenberlin.com/">berlinintim</a>
<a href="https://www.eljnoub.com/">شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://www.rauhane.net/">جلب الحبيب</a>
<a href="https://www.s3udy.org/">رقم ساحر سعودي</a>
<a href="https://www.rauhane.net/">شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://www.eljnoub.com/">شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://hurenberlin.com/">berlinintim</a>
<a href="https://www.s3udy.org/">رقم ساحر سعودي</a>
<a href="https://www.elso9.com/">رقم ساحر سعودي</a>
<a href="https://casinoberlin.eu/">الشيخ الروحاني المغربي </a>
<a href="https://wikimedia.cc/">الشيخ الروحاني لجلب الحبيب </a>
<a href="https://www.q8yat.org/">رقم ساحر حقيقي</a>
<a href="https://www.alfalaki.net/">شيخ روحاني سعودي</a>
<a href="https://www.jeouzal.org/">الشيخ الروحاني المغربي </a>
<a href="https://www.jaouzal.org/">الشيخ الروحاني المغربي </a>
<a href="https://www.sheikhrohani.de/">رقم شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://www.myemairat.de/">اكبر شيخ روحاني لجلب الحبيب</a>
<a href="https://www.saudieonline.de/">الشيخ الروحاني لجلب الحبيب</a>
<a href="https://www.nejetaa.de/">ابو معشر الفلكي</a>
<a href="https://www.iesummit.de/">الشيخ الروحاني لجلب الحبيب </a>
<a href="https://www.jalbalhabeb.de/">جلب الحبيب العنيد</a>
<a href="https://www.alukah.de/">رقم شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://www.mqaall.de/">معالج روحاني سعودي</a>
<a href="https://www.elbalad.de/">الشيخ الروحاني المغربي</a>
<a href="https://www.muhtwa.de/">شيخ روحاني مضمون </a>
<a href="https://www.mawdoo3.de/">رقم شيخ روحاني</a>
<a href="https://jalbalhabeb.org/">جلب الحبيب</a>
Exchange text Backlinks
We provide you with 17 high quality Duflo links
Who wants to exchange text links
Please contact us via email
links127@hotmail.com
https://www.eljnoub.com/
https://www.eljnoub.com/
https://www.rauhane.net
https://www.s3udy.org/
https://hurenberlin.com/
https://www.q8yat.org/
https://www.elso9.com/
https://jalbalhabeb.org
https://wikimedia.cc
https://hurenberlin.com/
https://www.elso9.com/
https://www.eljnoub.com/
https://www.q8yat.org/
https://www.rauhane.net
https://www.jeouzal.org
https://www.alfalaki.net
https://www.jaouzal.org
https://casinoberlin.eu/
https://www.sheikhrohani.de
https://www.myemairat.de
https://www.saudieonline.de
https://www.nejetaa.de
https://www.iesummit.de
https://www.jalbalhabeb.de
https://www.alukah.de
https://www.mqaall.de
https://www.elbalad.de
https://www.muhtwa.de
https://www.mawdoo3.de
[url=https://aksaj.news161.ru]https://aksaj.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
https://www.aksaj.news161.ru
[url=https://aksaj.news161.ru]http://www.aksaj.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
новости аксая
Привет, друзья!
Купить документ о получении высшего образования
orfografus.ru/index/0-22
Добрый день!
Заказать диплом ВУЗа.
freelance.habr.com/freelancers/hnfmrfdtg
http://aksaj.news161.ru
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
https://www.aksaj.news161.ru
[url=https://volgodonsk.news161.ru]volgodonsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Волгодонска Ростовской области
www.volgodonsk.news161.ru
[url=https://riyad-mahrez-cz.biz]www.riyad-mahrez-cz.biz[/url]
last news about Riyad Mahrez
www.riyad-mahrez-cz.biz
[url=https://aksaj.news161.ru]Аксай[/url]
Свежие новости города Аксай Ростовской области
Аксай
[url=https://millerovo.news161.ru]Миллерово[/url]
Свежие новости города Миллерово Ростовской области
www.millerovo.news161.ru
[url=https://morozovsk.news161.ru]http://www.morozovsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Морозовска Ростовской области
www.morozovsk.news161.ru
[url=https://belaya-kalitva.news161.ru]https://www.belaya-kalitva.news161.ru[...
Свежие новости города Белая калитва Ростовской области
https://www.belaya-kalitva.news161.ru
[url=https://novocherkassk.news161.ru]https://www.novocherkassk.news161.ru[/url]
свежие новости города Новочеркасска Ростовской области
http://www.novocherkassk.news161.ru
[url=https://novoshahtinsk.news161.ru]novoshahtinsk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Новошахтинска Ростовской области
novoshahtinsk.news161.ru
[url=https://shahty.news161.ru]www.shahty.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Шахты Ростовской области
новости шахты
[url=https://kamensk-shahtinskij.news161.ru]https://kamensk-shahtinskij.news1...
Свежие новости города Каменск шахтинский Ростовской области
www.kamensk-shahtinskij.news161.ru
[url=https://batajsk.news161.ru]Батайск[/url]
Свежие новости города Батайск Ростовской области
batajsk.news161.ru
Привет!
Заказать документ университета
club-kia.com/forum/thread30847
fabnews.ru/forum/showthread.php?p=80241#post80241
opaseke.com/users/1243#google_vignette
safdfpb.ixbb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=128#p128
dragonlivers.ixbb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=131#p131
[url=https://rostovskaya-oblast.news161.ru]ростовская область новости[/url]
Свежие новости Ростовской области
ростовская область новости
[url=https://czimlyansk.news161.ru]https://www.czimlyansk.news161.ru[/url]
Свежие новости города Цимлянска Ростовской области
https://www.czimlyansk.news161.ru
Pagine
Add Comment