Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
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JVSGroup.com Rekomendasi Liquid Salt nic - Dunia vaping telah berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dengan inovasi yang terus muncul di pasar. Salah satu inovasi terbesar dalam dunia vape adalah liquid saltnic, yang telah menjadi pilihan populer bagi banyak Vapers.
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Rekomendasi Liquid Saltnic Terenak
Nah biar kalian gak bingung nentuin liquid saltnic yang pengen kalian pinang, berikut adalah rekomendasi liquid saltnic terbaik dan terenak yang paling sering dicari di 2023, antara lain:
1. Icelands Strawberry Ice by Move Juice Indonesia
Liquid saltnic terenak yang pertama yaitu ada liquid Icelands Strawberry ice by Move Juice Indonesia. Liquid yang satu ini sering banget dicari banyak vapers karena rasanya yang cukup jarang ada di pasaran, yakni Strawberry Ice.
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Rasa: Strawberry Ice
Volume botol & Nikotin: 30ML/30MG
PG/VG: 50/50
Tingkat manis: 6/10
Nicotine hit: 6/10
Aftertaste: Rasa strawberry yang cukup manis ditambah sensasi dingin mint
2. Oat Drips V1 Pods Series by Steam Queen Juice x JVS
Di urutan kedua, ada liquid Oat Drips V1 Pods Series by Steam Queen Juice x JVS. Siapa sih yang gak tau Oat Drips? Liquid legendaris yang telah menemani vapers selama bertahun-tahun dan hingga sekarang masih melekat di hati banyak orang.
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Rasa: Oat milk
Volume botol & Nikotin: 30ML/15MG
PG/VG: 50/50
Tingkat manis: 6,5/10
Nicotine hit: 6,5/10
Aftertaste: Rasa gurih dari oat ditambah manisnya susu
3. Foom Iced Tea by Foom Lab Global
Selanjutnya di urutan ketiga, ada liquid Foom Iced Tea by Foom Lab Global. Liquid pendatang baru, Foom Iced Tea dengan rasa es tehnya yang super segar sempat menggemparkan pasar vape Indonesia.
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Lantas, bagaimana jika es teh bisa kita nikmati setiap saat dengan menggunakan pod kita? Nah kebayang kan mantapnya seperti apa? So, buat kalian si es teh mania, langsung aja sikat Foom Iced Tea sebelum kesikat orang lain karena liquid ini juga sering banget diburu banyak vapers!
Rasa: Iced tea/Es teh
Volume botol & Nikotin: 30ML/20MG
PG/VG: 50/50
Tingkat manis: 6,5/10
Nicotine hit: 6,5/10
Aftertaste: Rasa manisnya teh ditambah sensasi dingin mint
4. Coffeemel by Emkay Brewer
Berikutnya, di urutan keempat ada liquid Coffeemel by Emkay Brewer. Liquid ini adalah salah satu liquid yang gaada matinya, liquid ini pun masih memiliki banyak peminat dan sering dicari para vapers karena rasa kopi karamelnya yang tiada tanding.
Sama seperti es teh, minuman seperti kopi juga merupakan minuman dengan tingkat konsumsi tinggi dan sangat dicintai oleh banyak kalangan. Jadi sudah jelas liquid Coffeemel ini selalu jadi rekomendasi untuk kalian yang hobi ngopi dan menyukai liquid dengan rasa kopi-kopian.
Rasa: Coffee Caramel
Volume botol & Nikotin: 30ML/40MG
PG/VG: 50/50
Tingkat manis: 6,5/10
Nicotine hit: 7/10
Aftertaste: Rasa kopi yang sedikit pahit ditambah manis kentalnya karamel
5. Juta Freeze Sweet Lychee by RSR Brew
Terakhir dan gak kalah penting, di urutan kelima ada liquid Juta Freeze Sweet Lychee by RSR Brew. Sesuai nama dari liquid ini sendiri, 'juta' yang jelas sangat dinikmati oleh sejuta umat Vapers.
Hal itu dibuktikan dari larisnya liquid ini di pasaran dan dicari-cari banyak orang karena harganya yang ramah dikantong serta rasa yang berhasil menggaet hati para konsumennya. Liquid ini mengadopsi rasa leci dingin yang terkesan cukup jarang ditemui di pasar vape, khususnya pada segmen liquid saltnic.
Jadi, untuk kalian para Vapers yang butuh segar-segar dan doyan liquid buah-buahan seperti leci, Juta Freeze Sweet Lychee bisa jadi pilihan cocok kalian.
Rasa: Sweet Lychee
Volume botol & Nikotin: 30ML/25MG & 12MG
PG/VG: 50/50
Tingkat manis: 6,5/10
Nicotine hit: 6/10
Aftertaste: Rasa manis sedikit asam dari leci ditambah sensasi dingin mint
Penutup
Demikian beberapa rekomendasi liquid saltnic paling enak yang sering dicari-cari oleh Vapers, semoga artikel ini dapat membantu kalian yang kebingungan mencari liquid. Perlu diketahui, rekomendasi liquid diatas adalah murni dari hasil transaksi terbanyak dari toko kita, dan sering ditanyakan oleh banyak orang.
Namun, ingatlah bahwa selera setiap individu berbeda, jadi tidak ada yang lebih baik daripada mencoba beberapa liquid saltnic berbeda untuk menemukan yang paling Anda nikmati.
Dengan berbagai pilihan yang tersedia, Anda pasti akan menemukan liquid saltnic terenak yang akan membuat pengalaman vaping Anda lebih memuaskan. Selamat mencoba!
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