Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Σχόλια (8940)
free mobile bets
quick hits slots
slots online real money
vegasslots
big fish casino free slots
sizzling moon free slots
How do you know if an infection is getting worse Zithromax z pak online
The healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosage of Zithromax based on the child's weight and the severity of the infection.
real slots
facebook free slots games
777 lucky slot
red hawk slots tournament
free slots 4 u
gsn casino slots free
free video slot machines games
free pop slots chips
free slots online games
slots to play online
triple diamonds free play slots slots 777
porn slots
slots games
konami slots download
free quick hit slots
free slots games
old vegas slots games
casino slots online svierge
lucky plus 777
[url="https://online-slots-for-you.com"]free jackpot party slots downloads[/url]
downloadable slots that pay out
house of fun free slots
playkcbirdslots
ceaser slots
all wins casino
casino888
doubledown casino free slots
all free slots play now
slot onlen
facebook free slots games
slot games
play slots for free online no downloads
the euro game slot free
300 free slots no download
aol slot lounge play free slots
caesar slots
liberty slots login
free sim slots
scatter slots cheats
slotomania free slots
slots machines online free
aol slot lounge play free slots
winning slots game
free slots 777 no download
play free vegas slots
slots online real money
vegas world
caesars slots free coins
What is cinnamon good for z pack antibiotic for sinus infection
Azithromycin is not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or the flu.
slots era cheats
vegas world slots
online gambling slots
scatter slots topless
free slotomaina slots online
quick hits slots
slots games
sims slots free play
old vegas slots
slots of vegas
las vegas world free slots
free spins
Which exercise is good for liver Azithromycin chlamydia treatment
The term "Z-Pack" refers to a specific regimen of Zithromax, which typically consists of a course of five tablets taken over five days.
jackpot magic slots facebook
slots era
caesar slots free
play sizzling 7 slots free
7 lucky bonus
7 free slots
winning slots on facebook
slots of vegas
free online penny slots
What stops infection in the body | generic for Zithromax
Anyone who experiences an allergic reaction to azithromycin should seek medical attention immediately.
free slot machine games no dow loading
infinity slots on facebook
battle slots download
slot lounge
igt slots
shaved models slots
slot lounge
igt slots
shaved models slots
konamifreeslots
facebook free slots games
huge casino slots
las vegas world free slots
free vegas slots
wind creek casino free play online
play konami slots free
igt free slots no download
free games
casino slots free games
vegas slots online
winning slots on facebook home
casino slots with bonus realmoneyonlyhr
free slots/penny
scatter slot facebook
caesars slots
free igt slots
skill machine app
online gambling slots
red hawk slots tournament
real money slots online
you tube slots
ashbringer relic slots
free 777 slots no download
liberty slots
vegasworld fun free slots
casino slots free games
scatter slots topless
double diamond slots free
charlestown slots
real money online slots
vdeos of live slots
vegas world slots free play
simslots free slots
free real casino slots online
slot machines free games
cialis 20mg
Azithromycin can cause allergic reactions in some patients, so it's important to seek medical attention if you experience any signs of an allergic reaction, such as hives or difficulty breathing.
http://kaleostra.biz/away.php?url=https://zithromaxotc.com Azithromycin 600
What happens if you take antibiotics without infection?
http://aeons.vision/proxy.php?link=https://zithropak.com z pack antibiotic over counter
Zithromax is available in various formulations, including oral tablets and suspensions, as well as intravenous solutions.
http://bestanimegame.com/ft/ft_0919/land_ft_160919_na_en/index.html?p1=h... Azithromycin without prescription
To maximize the beneficial effect of probiotics, medical professionals suggest taking them at least 2 hours apart from your dosage of Zithromax antibiotics. Probiotics are naturally found in foods, such as yogurt, kefir, miso, or kimchi.
http://www.usfirm.us/modify-company-details?nid=35497&element=https://zi... zithromax dose
http://lipipzdfrty.com atorvastatin lipitor 20 mg tablet
Σελίδες
Add Comment