Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Comentarios (8983)
Здравствуйте!
Диплом по специальности на выбор
fotomaniya.getbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=11247
Привет, друзья!
Диплом магистра
telegra.ph/diplom-kupit-tyumen-08-22
Thank you so much for bringing everyone here such a wonderful article, I appreciate the content and value of this article and it has helped me a strands nyt lot in my current job.
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Процесс получения диплома стоматолога: реально ли это сделать быстро?[/b]
[url=http://toolbarqueries.google.co.tz/url?q=aurus-diploms.com/]toolbarqueri...
Привет, друзья!
Приобрести документ ВУЗа можно у нас в Москве.
azimiolahabari.blogspot.com/2014/03/rehema-fabian-anaswa-live-akipapaswa-na
Можно ли купить аттестат о среднем образовании, основные моменты и вопросы
Полезная информация как официально купить диплом о высшем образовании
[url=https://rashford-marcus-cz.biz]https://rashford-marcus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about rashford marcus
http://rashford-marcus-cz.biz
Привет!
Купить диплом университета
Мы предлагаем быстро и выгодно купить диплом, который выполнен на оригинальной бумаге и заверен печатями, штампами, подписями официальных лиц. Документ способен пройти лубую проверку, даже с использованием специально предназначенного оборудования. Достигайте своих целей быстро с нашим сервисом.
Где купить диплом специалиста?
dachaweek.ru/ekspress-diplomyi-po-dostupnyim-tsenam
backshowtime.ru/vash-diplom-vash-uspeh
p99946c6.beget.tech/2024/07/22/diplomy-dlya-karernogo-rosta-bez-lishnih-usiliy
moskvic.actieforum.com/t3753-topic#7045
telegra.ph/nuzhen-li-voennyj-bilet-dlya-postupleniya-v-vuz-07-24
Привет, друзья!
Диплом о высшем образовании
telegra.ph/kupit-diplom-kolledzha-08-13-2
Здравствуйте!
Легальные способы покупки диплома о среднем полном образовании
maridadiupdates.blogspot.ru/2014/01/modelsdesigners-singersflaviana-eskado
Рады оказать помощь!.
[url=https://antoniorudigercz.biz]antoniorudigercz.biz[/url]
last news about antonio rudiger
antoniorudigercz.biz
Купить диплом о среднем образовании в Москве и любом другом городе
[url=https://rudiger-antonio-cz.biz]https://www.rudiger-antonio-cz.biz[/url]
last news about rudiger antonio
https://rudiger-antonio-cz.biz
[url=https://rudiger-antoniocz.biz]https://www.rudiger-antoniocz.biz[/url]
last news about rudiger antonio
https://rudiger-antoniocz.biz
[url=https://gabriel-jesus-cz.biz]http://www.gabriel-jesus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about gabriel jesus
gabriel-jesus-cz.biz
[url=https://jesus-gabriel-cz.biz]www.jesus-gabriel-cz.biz[/url]
last news about jesus gabriel
www.jesus-gabriel-cz.biz
[url=https://gabrieljesuscz.biz]https://gabrieljesuscz.biz[/url]
last news about gabriel jesus
http://gabrieljesuscz.biz
[url=https://gabrieljesuscz.biz]https://gabrieljesuscz.biz[/url]
last news about gabriel jesus
http://gabrieljesuscz.biz
[url=https://alabadavid-cz.biz]https://alabadavid-cz.biz[/url]
last news about alaba david
https://www.alabadavid-cz.biz
[url=https://davidalaba-cz.biz]https://www.davidalaba-cz.biz[/url]
last news about david alaba
http://davidalaba-cz.biz
[url=https://gabrieljesus-cz.biz]https://gabrieljesus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about gabrie ljesus
https://gabrieljesus-cz.biz
[url=https://marcusrashford-cz.biz]http://www.marcusrashford-cz.biz[/url]
last news about marcus rashford
www.marcusrashford-cz.biz
[url=https://marcusrashfordcz.biz]marcusrashfordcz.biz[/url]
last news about marcus rashford
https://www.marcusrashfordcz.biz
[url=https://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz]http://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about rashford marcus
https://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz
[url=https://romelu-lukaku-cz.biz]romelu-lukaku-cz.biz[/url]
last news about romelu lukaku
www.romelu-lukaku-cz.biz
[url=https://romelulukaku-cz.biz/]romelulukaku-cz.biz[/url]
last news about romelu lukaku
http://romelulukaku-cz.biz/
[url=https://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz]http://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about rashford marcus
https://rashfordmarcus-cz.biz
[url=https://marcusrashfordcz.biz]https://marcusrashfordcz.biz[/url]
last news about marcus rashford
http://marcusrashfordcz.biz
[url=https://david-alaba-cz.biz]www.david-alaba-cz.biz[/url]
last news about david alaba
http://david-alaba-cz.biz
[url=https://romelulukaku-cz.biz/]http://romelulukaku-cz.biz[/url]
last news about romelu lukaku
www.romelulukaku-cz.biz/
[url=https://rudiger-antonio-cz.biz]https://rudiger-antonio-cz.biz[/url]
last news about rudiger antonio
http://www.rudiger-antonio-cz.biz
[url=https://antoniorudigercz.biz]http://antoniorudigercz.biz[/url]
last news about antonio rudiger
https://www.antoniorudigercz.biz
[url=https://rudiger-antoniocz.biz]https://www.rudiger-antoniocz.biz[/url]
last news about rudiger antonio
http://www.rudiger-antoniocz.biz
[url=https://alaba-david-cz.biz]https://www.alaba-david-cz.biz[/url]
last news about alaba david
http://www.alaba-david-cz.biz
[url=https://marcusrashford-cz.biz]marcusrashford-cz.biz[/url]
last news about marcus rashford
http://marcusrashford-cz.biz
[url=https://gabrieljesuscz.biz]www.gabrieljesuscz.biz[/url]
last news about gabriel jesus
http://www.gabrieljesuscz.biz
[url=https://alaba-david-cz.biz]https://www.alaba-david-cz.biz[/url]
last news about alaba david
http://www.alaba-david-cz.biz
[url=https://romelu-lukaku-cz.biz]http://romelu-lukaku-cz.biz[/url]
last news about romelu lukaku
https://www.romelu-lukaku-cz.biz
[url=https://gabriel-jesus-cz.biz]http://www.gabriel-jesus-cz.biz[/url]
last news about gabriel jesus
www.gabriel-jesus-cz.biz
Узнайте, как безопасно купить диплом о высшем образовании
Всё о покупке аттестата о среднем образовании: полезные советы
Привет!
Как оказалось, купить диплом кандидата наук не так уж и сложно
masterplus2014.blogspot.com/2014/12/blog-post
Всегда вам поможем!.
Добрый день!
Заказать документ о получении высшего образования вы сможете у нас в столице.
imen-ammari.tn/ammari-iman-experte-tice/#comment-247947
Привет, друзья!
Мы изготавливаем дипломы любых профессий по доступным ценам.
seozalex.ru/2009/08/04/bystraya-aktivaciya-stranic-v-sape-proverka-indeksacii-v-yandeks/index
Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is. I really really love it. It's so good and so awesome. I am just amazed. I hope that you continue to do your work like this in the future also belangrijkste toeristische attracties in Alaska
Привет, друзья!
Мы можем предложить дипломы любой профессии.
Заказ диплома, подтверждающего обучение в ВУЗе, - это грамотное решение.
bts.clanweb.eu/profile.php?lookup=39111
legkohod.ru/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=66990&p=90122#p90122
wiki.mdomtv.net/index.php?title=Обсуждение_участника:23.236.203.110#.D0.BA.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.B8.D1.82.D1.8C_.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BF.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.BC_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B6.D0.B0_.D0.B2_.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B5_q619h
pax.nichost.ru/forum/view_profile.php?UID=135709
geolan-ksl.ru/personal/profile/index.php?PAGE_NAME=profile_view&UID=88348
Быстрое обучение и получение диплома магистра - возможно ли это?
[url=https://food.news161.ru]обзор еды[/url]
обзор еды на заказ в ростовской области
обзор еды
Легальные способы покупки диплома о среднем полном образовании
Páginas
Add Comment