Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Komentari (8673)
What's the process for getting a prescription refill cenforce 100mg https://community.alteryx.com/t5/user/viewprofilepage/user-id/583073
Are there prescription drugs safe for use during breastfeeding sildamax tablets https://experienceleaguecommunities.adobe.com/t5/user/viewprofilepage/us...
Are there restrictions on obtaining certain medications for rare genetic conditions Cenforce 200 mg https://ridesmartflorida.com/members/cenforce-25/
What role does the Indian pharmaceutical industry play in global clinical research tadalafil 20 walgreens price https://community.alteryx.com/t5/user/viewprofilepage/user-id/585368
How can I confirm if an online pharmacy has a secure process for handling customer inquiries seretide 25 50 https://community.alteryx.com/t5/user/viewprofilepage/user-id/593553
Can pharmacies legally sell medicines for use in specific populations, such as children or the elderly kamagra jelly https://ridesmartflorida.com/members/kamagra-oral-jelly/
Cristiano Ronaldo https://al-nassr.cristianoronaldo-br.net one of the greatest football players of all time, begins a new chapter in his career by joining An Nasr Club.
The fascinating story of Marcus Rashford's rise https://manchester-united.marcusrashford-br.com from academy youth to the main striker and captain of Manchester United. Read about his meteoric rise and colorful career.
The story of Luka Modric's rise https://real-madrid.lukamodric-br.com from young talent to one of the greatest midfielders of his generation and a key player for the Royals.
From academy product to captain and leader of Real Madrid https://real-madrid.ikercasillas-br.com Casillas became one of the greatest players in the history of Real Madrid.
купить диплом электрика цена [url=https://diploms-x.com/]diploms-x.com[/url] .
Dragon Money https://uvstyle.ru
I all the time used to study paragraph in news papers but now
as I am a user of web thus from now I am using net for articles, thanks to web.
Here is my web page :: milf
The fascinating story of Sergio Ramos' https://seville.sergioramos.net rise from Sevilla graduate to one of Real Madrid and Spain's greatest defenders.
Ousmane Dembele's https://paris-saint-germain.ousmanedembele-br.com rise from promising talent to key player for French football giants Paris Saint-Germain. An exciting success story.
wow carry raid kreativwerkstatt-esens.de .
The incredible success story of 20-year-old Florian Wirtz https://bayer-04.florianwirtz-br.com, who quickly joined the Bayer team and became one of the best young talents in the world.
The compelling story of Alisson Becker's https://bayer-04.florianwirtz-br.com meteoric rise from young talent to key figure in Liverpool's triumphant era under Jurgen Klopp.
O meio-campista Rafael Veiga leva https://palmeiras.raphaelveiga-br.com o Palmeiras ao sucesso - o campeonato brasileiro e a vitoria na Copa Libertadores aos 24 anos.
The incredible story https://napoli.khvichakvaratskhelia-br.com of a young Georgian talent's transformation into an Italian Serie A star. Khvicha Kvaraeshvili is a rising phenomenon in European football.
Midfielder Rafael Veiga leads https://manchester-city.philfoden-br.com Palmeiras to success - the championship Brazilian and victory in the Copa Libertadores at the age of 24.
In-depth articles about the most famous football players https://zenit-saint-petersburg.wendel-br.com, clubs and events. Learn everything about tactics, rules of the game and football history.
The rise of 20-year-old midfielder Jamal Musiala https://bavaria.jamalmusiala-br.com to the status of a winger in the Bayern Munich team. A story of incredible talent.
A historia da jornada triunfante de Anitta https://veneno.anitta-br.com de aspirante a cantora a uma das interpretes mais influentes da musica moderna, incluindo sua participacao na serie de TV "Veneno".
Fabrizio Moretti https://the-strokes.fabriziomoretti-br.com the influential drummer of The Strokes, and his unique sound revolutionized the music scene, remaining icons of modern rock.
Selena Gomez https://calm-down.selenagomez-br.net the story from child star to global musical influence, summarized in hit “Calm Down”, with Rema.
красный аттестат купить [url=https://asxdiplomik.com/kupit-diplom-moskva/]красный аттестат купить[/url] .
Kobe Bryant https://los-angeles-lakers.kobebryant-br.net one of the greatest basketball players of all the times, left an indelible mark on the history of sport.
Achraf Hakimi https://paris-saint-germain.ashrafhakimi.net is a young Moroccan footballer who quickly reached the football elite European in recent years.
Bieber's https://baby.justinbieber-br.com path to global fame began with his breakthrough success Baby, which became his signature song and one of the most popular music videos of all time.
Ayrton Senna https://mclaren.ayrtonsenna-br.com is one of the greatest drivers in the history of Formula 1.
In the world of professional tennis, the name of Gustavo Kuerten https://roland-garros.gustavokuerten.com is closely linked to one of the most prestigious Grand Slam tournaments – Roland Garros.
Daniel Alves https://paris-saint-germain.danielalves.net is a name that symbolizes the greatness of the world of football.
Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes https://manchester-united.brunofernandes-br.com was born on September 8, 1994 in Maia, Portugal.
Rodrygo Silva de Goes https://real-madrid.rodrygo-br.com, known simply as Rodrygo, emerged as one of the the brightest young talents in world football.
Nuno Mendes https://paris-saint-germain.nuno-mendes.com, a talented Portuguese left-back, He quickly became one of the key figures in the Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) team.
Официальная покупка аттестата о среднем образовании в Москве и других городах
[url=http://asxdiplomik24.ru/kupit-diplom-sankt-peterburg/]asxdiplomik24.ru/k...
I really loved reading your blog. It was very well authored and easy to understand. Unlike other blogs I have read which are really not that good.Thanks alot! কানাডিয়ান ভিসা বাড়ান বা রিনিউ করুন
купить диплом даст [url=https://ast-diploms.com/]ast-diploms.com[/url] .
диплом о среднем специальном образовании купить [url=https://diplomasx.com/]диплом о среднем специальном образовании купить[/url] .
THE ONE CARGO ยินดีให้บริการ สั่งของจากจีน นำเข้าสินค้าจีน รับสั่งสินค้าจากจีน แลกหยวน โอนเงิน ฝากจ่าย รวมถึงติดต่อโรงงาน ร้านค้าใน Taobao 1688 สินค้า Alibaba จัดซื้อ จัดหาสินค้าจีนทุกประเภท พร้อมให้คำปรึกษา
Earvin “Magic” Johnson https://los-angeles-lakers.magicjohnson.biz is one of the most legendary basketball players in history. NBA history.
Vinicius Junior https://real-madrid.vinicius-junior-ar.com the Brazilian prodigy whose full name is Vinicius Jose Baixao de Oliveira Junior, has managed to win the hearts of millions of fans around the world in a short period of time.
Victor Osimhen https://napoli.victorosimhen-ar.com born on December 29, 1998 in Lagos, Nigeria, has grown from an initially humble player to one of the brightest strikers in modern football.
Toni Kroos https://real-madrid.tonikroos-ar.com the German midfielder known for his accurate passes and calmness on the field, has achieved remarkable success at one of the most prestigious football clubs in the world.
Robert Lewandowski https://barcelona.robertlewandowski-ar.com is one of the most prominent footballers of our time, and his move to Barcelona has become one of the most talked about topics in world football.
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
[b]Купить документ[/b] о получении высшего образования вы можете в нашем сервисе.
[url=http://diplomasx.com/kupit-diplom-vracha/]diplomasx.com/kupit-diplom-vra...
[b]Хорошей учебы![/b]
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Где приобрести диплом по актуальной специальности?
Мы предлагаем документы ВУЗов, расположенных на территории всей Российской Федерации. Вы имеете возможность приобрести качественный диплом за любой год, указав подходящую специальность и хорошие оценки за все дисциплины. Дипломы печатаются на "правильной" бумаге высшего качества. Это дает возможности делать настоящие дипломы, не отличимые от оригинала. Документы заверяются всеми необходимыми печатями и штампами.
[b]Мы можем предложить дипломы[/b] психологов, юристов, экономистов и других профессий по разумным ценам.
[url=http://ast-diplomas24.ru/kupit-diplom-vracha]ast-diplomas24.ru/kupit-dip...
[u][b] Рады оказаться полезными![u][b]
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
[b]Мы предлагаем документы техникумов,[/b] которые находятся на территории всей России. Можно приобрести качественный диплом за любой год, указав необходимую специальность и хорошие оценки за все дисциплины. Дипломы и аттестаты делаются на бумаге самого высшего качества. Это дает возможности делать государственные дипломы, которые невозможно отличить от оригинала. Они заверяются всеми обязательными печатями и подписями.
[url=http://spbmedu.ru/index.html]spbmedu.ru/index.html[/url]
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Купить документ[/b] о получении высшего образования можно в нашей компании.
[url=http://ast-diplomas24.ru/otzyvy/]ast-diplomas24.ru/otzyvy[/url]
Stranice
Add Comment