Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Komentari (8987)
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
[b]Приобрести документ[/b] о получении высшего образования вы можете у нас в Москве.
[url=http://ast-diplomy24.ru/kupit-diplom-magistra/]ast-diplomy24.ru/kupit-di...
[b]Успешной учебы![/b]
Pedro Gonzalez Lopez https://barcelona.pedri-ar.com known as Pedri, was born on November 25, 2002 in the small town of Tegeste, located on Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands.
The story of Leo Messi https://inter-miami.lionelmessi.ae's transfer to Inter Miami began long before the official announcement. Rumors about Messi's possible departure from Barcelona appeared in 2020
Andreson Souza Conceicao https://al-nassr.talisca-ar.com known as Talisca, is one of the brightest stars of modern football.
Yacine Bounou https://al-hilal.yassine-bounou-ar.com known simply as Bono, is one of the most prominent Moroccan footballers of our time.
Mohamed Salah https://liverpool.mohamedsalah-ar.com an Egyptian footballer, rose to fame through his outstanding performances at Liverpool Football Club.
купить диплом об окончании 9 класса [url=https://diplomyx.com/]diplomyx.com[/url] .
купить диплом бакалавра в нижнем тагиле [url=https://asxdiplomik.com/]asxdiplomik.com[/url] .
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Мы можем предложить документы техникумов[/b], расположенных в любом регионе России. Вы сможете купить качественный диплом от любого заведения, за любой год, в том числе документы СССР. Документы печатаются на "правильной" бумаге самого высокого качества. Это дает возможности делать настоящие дипломы, не отличимые от оригиналов. Они будут заверены всеми требуемыми печатями и подписями.
[url=http://www.tosik.ru/forum/index.php?/gallery/image/2-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%...
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Купить диплом старого образца, можно ли это сделать по быстрой схеме? [/b]
[url=http://club2108.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?pid=190525#p190525/]club2108.ru/f...
[u][b] Всегда вам поможем![u][b].
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Где заказать диплом специалиста?
[b]Приобрести диплом о высшем образовании.[/b]
[url=http://wiki.starfederation.ru/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D...
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
Заказать документ о получении высшего образования вы имеете возможность у нас. Мы предлагаем документы об окончании любых университетов РФ. Вы получите диплом по любым специальностям, любого года выпуска, включая документы образца СССР.
[url=http://abitu.net/events/topic/create/subject/event_4172/]abitu.net/event...
[url=http://oldforum.citysakh.ru/?talkid=26742/]oldforum.citysakh.ru/?talkid=...
[url=http://doctorsforum.ru/viewtopic.php?f=193&t=39101/]doctorsforum.ru/view...
[url=http://daddycow.com/blogs/view/24730www.mirmafii.ru/article/7570/]daddyc...
[url=http://katuganka.in.ua/forum/index.php?add_tema&id=106/]katuganka.in.ua/...
Harry Kane https://bayern.harry-kane-ar.com one of the most prominent English footballers of his generation, completed his move to German football club Bayern Munich in 2023.
Brazilian footballer Neymar https://al-hilal.neymar-ar.com known for his unique playing style and outstanding achievements in world football, has made a surprise move to Al Hilal Football Club.
Erling Haaland https://manchester-city.erling-haaland-ar.com born on July 21, 2000 in Leeds, England, began his football journey at an early age.
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
[b]Мы изготавливаем дипломы[/b] любых профессий по выгодным тарифам.
[url=http://betalk.in.th/read-blog/2633_planiruete-zakazat-attestat-u-nadezhn...
Luka Modric https://real-madrid.lukamodric-ar.com can certainly be called one of the outstanding midfielders in modern football.
Football in Saudi Arabia https://al-hilal.ali-al-bulaihi-ar.com has long been one of the main sports, attracting millions of fans. In recent years, one of the brightest stars in Saudi football has been Ali Al-Bulaihi, defender of Al-Hilal Football Club.
visit my website https://currencyconvert.net
[u][b] Привет![/b][/u]
[b]Купить документ[/b] института вы можете в нашем сервисе.
[url=http://ast-diploms.com/kupit-diplom-magistra/]ast-diploms.com/kupit-dipl...
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Купить диплом ВУЗа
[b]Мы предлагаем[/b] выгодно и быстро приобрести диплом, который выполняется на оригинальной бумаге и заверен печатями, штампами, подписями должностных лиц. Документ пройдет любые проверки, даже с применением профессионального оборудования. Достигайте своих целей быстро и просто с нашими дипломами.
[b]Где приобрести диплом специалиста?[/b]
[url=http://interactor.pro/read-blog/1230/]interactor.pro/read-blog/1230[/url]
[url=http://www.anytalkworld.com/read-blog/6488/]www.anytalkworld.com/read-bl...
[url=http://bmw-donbass.ru/gallery/image/844-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D...
[url=http://comedyforme.ru/vyisshee-obrazovanie-za-den-pokupka-diploma/]comed...
[url=http://spletninews.ru/legalnaya-pokupka-diplomov-byistro-i-udobno/]splet...
Kobe Bryant https://los-angeles-lakers.kobebryant-ar.com also known as the "Black Mamba", is one of the most iconic and iconic figures in NBA history.
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Предлагаем документы ВУЗов, расположенных на территории всей России. Вы имеете возможность купить качественно напечатанный диплом от любого заведения, за любой год, в том числе документы старого образца СССР. Документы выпускаются на "правильной" бумаге самого высшего качества. Это дает возможности делать государственные дипломы, не отличимые от оригинала. Документы будут заверены необходимыми печатями и штампами.
[b]Мы изготавливаем дипломы[/b] любых профессий по разумным ценам. Цена может зависеть от определенной специальности, года выпуска и образовательного учреждения. Всегда стараемся поддерживать для клиентов адекватную ценовую политику. [b]Важно[/b], чтобы дипломы были доступны для подавляющей массы граждан.
[url=http://arusak-diploms-srednee.ru/kupit-diplom-medicinskogo-uchilishha ]arusak-diploms-srednee.ru/kupit-diplom-medicinskogo-uchilishha [/url]
[b]Хорошей учебы![/b]
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Приобрести документ[/b] института вы имеете возможность в нашей компании в столице.
[url=http://ast-diplomas.com/kupit-diplom-magistra/]ast-diplomas.com/kupit-di...
[b]Хорошей учебы![/b]
[u][b] Привет, друзья![/b][/u]
[b]Как безопасно купить диплом колледжа или ВУЗа в России, что важно знать.[/b]
[b]Приобрести диплом университета.[/b]
[url=http://www.privsocial.com/read-blog/297/]www.privsocial.com/read-blog/29...
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
Где заказать диплом по необходимой специальности?
[b]Приобрести диплом любого ВУЗа.[/b]
[url=http://forum.shevrondeath.club/files/file/20-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1...
[u][b] Здравствуйте![/b][/u]
[b]Как избежать рисков при покупке диплома колледжа или ВУЗа в России [/b]
[url=http://reflections.listbb.ru/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=749/]reflections.listb...
[u][b] Рады оказать помощь![u][b].
[u][b] Привет, друзья![/b][/u]
[b]Мы готовы предложить документы ВУЗов[/b], которые находятся на территории всей России. Можно заказать качественно сделанный диплом за любой год, указав необходимую специальность и оценки за все дисциплины. Дипломы и аттестаты делаются на бумаге самого высшего качества. Это позволяет делать государственные дипломы, не отличимые от оригинала. Они будут заверены всеми обязательными печатями и штампами.
[url=http://projecthouston.net/index.php?/events/event/8-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D...
RDBox.de https://rdbox.de bietet schallgedammte Gehause fur 3D-Drucker, die eine sehr leise Druckumgebung schaffen – nicht lauter als ein Kuhlschrank. Unsere Losungen sorgen fur stabile Drucktemperatur, Vibrationsisolierung, Luftreinigung und mobile App-Steuerung.
Karim Benzema https://al-ittihad.karimbenzema.ae is a name worthy of admiration and respect in the world of football.
Cristiano Ronaldo https://al-nassr.cristiano-ronaldo.ae is one of the greatest names in football history, with his achievements inspiring millions of fans around the world.
In 2018, the basketball world witnessed one of the most remarkable transformations in NBA history. LeBron James https://los-angeles-lakers.lebronjames-ar.com one of the greatest players of our time, decided to leave his hometown Cleveland Cavaliers and join the Los Angeles Lakers.
видеостена оборудование https://videosteny-pod-kljuch.ru .
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Где заказать диплом специалиста?
[b]Заказать диплом ВУЗа.[/b]
[url=http://bdfeu.ukraine7.com/t19980-topic#36427/]bdfeu.ukraine7.com/t19980-...
[u][b] Добрый день![/b][/u]
Заказать документ университета можно в нашей компании. Мы предлагаем документы об окончании любых университетов России. Вы получите необходимый диплом по любой специальности, включая документы СССР.
[url=http://toursoul.ru/?p=19216/]toursoul.ru/?p=19216[/url]
[url=http://msfo-soft.ru/msfo/forum/user/40794//]msfo-soft.ru/msfo/forum/user...
[url=http://bvf.ru/forum/showthread.php?p=25249323#post25249323/]bvf.ru/forum...
[url=http://amengram.com/blogs/370/Ваш-диплом-без-лишних-забот-быстро-и-безопасно/]amengram.com/blogs/370/Ваш-диплом-без-лишних-забот-быстро-и-безопасно[/url]
[url=http://3drus.ru/forum/topic_34877/]3drus.ru/forum/topic_34877[/url]
Luis Diaz https://liverpool.luis-diaz-ar.com is a young Colombian striker who has enjoyed rapid growth since joining the " Liverpool" in January 2022.
Find high-quality rollator walkers for seniors, designed for stability, comfort, and ease of use. Our walkers feature adjustable handles, padded seats, and sturdy frames for safe and convenient use. Enhance your mobility and independence with our reliable rollator walkers. walker with seats
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
[url=http://bofamy.fastoryx.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-...
[url=http://go.trafficshop.com/d08e142b/?bu=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz...
[url=http://ericsfreshfishmarket.com/Redirect.aspx?destination=https://robert...
[url=http://mosoblenergo.ru/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://robert-lewandowski-cz....
[url=http://images.google.sk/url?q=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandow...
[url=http://mobile.myprice74.ru/redirect.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-c...
[url=https://www.kalpa-vriksa.ru/bitrix/rk.php?goto=https://robert-lewandowsk...
[url=http://www.goalcudia.com/rentals/redirect.php?id=1797&url=https://robert...
[url=http://adventurenewjersey.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandows...
[url=http://www.google.sc/url?q=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandowski...
[url=https://peekhq.com/app/raw/12kASo9k2ks9BeeO/grader/redirect.php?url=http...
[url=http://knauf-pro.com.ua/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto...
[url=http://bbs.eccn.com/redirect.php?tid=96462&goto=lastposthttps://robert-l...
[url=http://www.homeappliancesuk.com/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz...
[url=http://freeanimalporn.xyz/dtr/link.php?gr=555&id=11b0b3&url=https://robe...
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
[url=http://theydopay.com/click.php?id=27&url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.b...
[url=http://maps.google.nr.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.bi...
[url=http://www.tripod.lycos.com/bin/membership/drop_cookies?logout=1&r=https...
[url=http://www.amilfsex.com/crtr/cgi/out.cgi?id=13&l=top_toplist&u=https://r...
[url=https://cervinkova.blog.idnes.cz/redir.aspx?url=https://robert-lewandows...
[url=https://bangdream.gamerch.com/gamerch/external_link/?url=https://robert-...
[url=http://prankishdaddy.com/cgi-bin/out.cgi?click=03.jpg.8520&url=https://r...
[url=http://www.google.ml/url?q=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandowski...
[url=http://ladyboy8.com/cgi-bin/a2/out.cgi?id=24&u=https://robert-lewandowsk...
[url=http://www.deimon.ru/gourl.php?go=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewa...
[url=http://zpostbox.ru/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandow...
[url=http://xmhxxy.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]le...
[url=https://memberservices.membee.com/feeds//login/redirect.aspx?cid=573&des...
[url=http://pornorasskazy.com/forum/away.php?s=https://robert-lewandowski-cz....
[url=http://toulousetri.free.fr/redirect.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-c...
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
[url=http://milla-rus.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=&event2=&event3=&goto=htt...
[url=http://matherfield.biz.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.b...
[url=http://vapeonthecheap.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-c...
[url=http://www.lojim.jp/mt/index.cgi?mode=redirect&url=https://robert-lewand...
[url=https://www.snow.edu/_revive/revive-adserver-3.2.1/www/delivery/ck.php?c...
[url=https://fords.com.ua/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&ev...
[url=https://nervetumours.org.uk/?URL=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewan...
[url=http://www.urlstat.de/redirect?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lew...
[url=http://pussyvideos.info/cgi-bin/out.cgi?req=1&t=60t&l=03VIDEO&url=https:...
[url=http://www.warnerbros.ch/modules/_redirect/?url=https://robert-lewandows...
[url=http://www.w.softplaneta.ru/click.php?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz....
[url=http://kino-xxx.ru/go/url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandowski[...
[url=http://phpads.stellenmarkt-ssl.de/adclick.php?bannerid=463&zoneid=58&sou...
[url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/redirect.php?url=https://robert-lewandowsk...
[url=http://www.ega.edu/?url=https://robert-lewandowski-cz.biz]lewandowski[/url]
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
[url=https://pablooomind.hatenablog.com/iframe/hatena_bookmark_comment?canoni...
[url=http://www.247gayboys.com/cgi-bin/at3/out.cgi?id=31&trade=https://robert...
[url=http://gomag.com/?id=73&aid=&cid=&move_to=https://robert-lewandowski-cz....
[url=https://bulava.blog.idnes.cz/redir.aspx?url=https://robert-lewandowski-c...
[url=https://adelavichova.blog.idnes.cz/redir.aspx?url=https://robert-lewando...
[url=http://holdenbmyum.free-blogz.com.xx3.kz/go.php?url=https://robert-lewan...
[url=http://www.skinnypussies.com/cgi-bin/ucj/c.cgi?url=https://robert-lewand...
[url=http://kozanostra.h10.ru/test.php?a%5B%5D=lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
=
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
last news about lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
lewandowski
Stranice
Add Comment