Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Komentari (8933)
agency help with resume in atlanta resume services customer service resume objectives samples
<a href="https://t.me/supplieshallucinates" rel="dofollow">Buy Dmt Online</a>
<a href="https://t.me/supplieshallucinates" rel="dofollow">Buy Mushrooms Online</a>
<a href="https://t.me/Merchadhdgaz0" rel="dofollow">Buy Dmt Online</a>
<a href="https://t.me/Merchadhdgaz0" rel="dofollow">Buy magic mushrooms Online</a>
Regards. Terrific stuff.
monthly blog writing service cheap essay writing services essay and dissertation writing service
You've made your point.
professional thesis editing customer service pdf thesis explanatory essay thesis
help creating a resume summary consulting resume customer service resume summary samples
You've made your point.
professional thesis editing customer service pdf thesis explanatory essay thesis
You actually stated it wonderfully.
personal thesis statement can thesis service tell my mortgage provider about my loan cause and effect essay thesis
You actually stated it wonderfully.
personal thesis statement can thesis service tell my mortgage provider about my loan cause and effect essay thesis
You've made your point.
professional thesis editing customer service pdf thesis explanatory essay thesis
You actually stated it wonderfully.
personal thesis statement can thesis service tell my mortgage provider about my loan cause and effect essay thesis
Nicely put. Kudos.
write a program for me college admission essay writers write my dissertation for me
You actually explained it fantastically.
write my essay no plagiarism do my essay free essay writer bot
You actually explained it fantastically.
write my essay no plagiarism do my essay free essay writer bot
You actually explained it fantastically.
write my essay no plagiarism do my essay free essay writer bot
soolantra ivermectin cream 1 oral ivermectin for rosacea liquid ivermectin for horses
soolantra ivermectin cream 1 oral ivermectin for rosacea liquid ivermectin for horses
soolantra ivermectin cream 1 oral ivermectin for rosacea liquid ivermectin for horses
soolantra ivermectin cream 1 oral ivermectin for rosacea liquid ivermectin for horses
You said that terrifically.
business essay writer argumentative essay writer help me write a profile for a dating site
Whoa quite a lot of excellent facts.
do my essay app professional college essay writers research essay writer
ivermectin tablets for humans ivermectin dose for scabies ivermectin prescription
ivermectin tablets for humans ivermectin dose for scabies ivermectin prescription
Ivermectin over the counter: Can salt water kills bacteria
can i buy ivermectin over the counter ivermectin dosage for scabies pyrantel ivermectin
can i buy ivermectin over the counter ivermectin dosage for scabies pyrantel ivermectin
can i buy ivermectin over the counter ivermectin dosage for scabies pyrantel ivermectin
Ivermectin tablets Buy Stromectol 3 mg online Ivermectin horse wormer
ivermectin injection buy ivermectin ivermectin dosage for humans
ivermectin injection buy ivermectin ivermectin dosage for humans
Stromectol 3mg tablets Ivermectin for mites Stromectol 6mg online
Thank you, A lot of posts.
[url=https://researchproposalforphd.com/]proposal writers[/url] masters thesis proposal [url=https://writingresearchtermpaperservice.com/]custom term papers[/url] custom term paper writing
Thank you, A lot of posts.
[url=https://researchproposalforphd.com/]proposal writers[/url] masters thesis proposal [url=https://writingresearchtermpaperservice.com/]custom term papers[/url] custom term paper writing
Thank you, A lot of posts.
[url=https://researchproposalforphd.com/]proposal writers[/url] masters thesis proposal [url=https://writingresearchtermpaperservice.com/]custom term papers[/url] custom term paper writing
Thank you, A lot of posts.
[url=https://researchproposalforphd.com/]proposal writers[/url] masters thesis proposal [url=https://writingresearchtermpaperservice.com/]custom term papers[/url] custom term paper writing
Thank you. Wonderful information!
buy essay cheap buy university essay pay for a essay can i buy an essay online
Many thanks! I value it.
proposal dissertation dissertation editing law dissertation writers help me write my dissertation
Many thanks! I value it.
proposal dissertation dissertation editing law dissertation writers help me write my dissertation
Many thanks! I value it.
proposal dissertation dissertation editing law dissertation writers help me write my dissertation
oral ivermectin for rosacea ivermectin for cattle and swine stromectol over the counter
ivermectin toxicity humans where to buy ivermectin for humans soolantra ivermectin cream 1
ivermectin toxicity humans where to buy ivermectin for humans soolantra ivermectin cream 1
Many thanks! I enjoy it!
[url=https://theessayswriters.com/]write my essay help[/url] do essay for me [url=https://bestcheapessaywriters.com/]write my essay custom writing[/url] what website writes essays for you
dosage of ivermectin for dogs ivermectin for humans for sale https://stromectol24.top/
dosage of ivermectin for dogs ivermectin for humans for sale https://stromectol24.top/
dosage of ivermectin for dogs ivermectin for humans for sale https://stromectol24.top/
dosage of ivermectin for dogs ivermectin for humans for sale https://stromectol24.top/
You said it perfectly.!
online essay writing custom essay service undergraduate dissertation writing service customer service business email writing
best dissertation writers doctoral dissertation help reference how to buy dissertation online dissertation hypothesis help
the help essay questions https://service-essay.com
scaly leg mite treatment ivermectin ivermectin for swine ivermectin cream for rosacea
ivermectin treatment ivermectin for dogs purchase ivermectin online
rabbit ear mites ivermectin durvet ivermectin ivermectin dosage for scabies
Stranice
Add Comment