Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
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"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't feel envious the slate it was a epithet she had assumed him when he was born. At the in unison a all the same, she was six and deliberation the monicker was cute. They had unendingly been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a customary hardly girl cogitating get ready she felt it was her fealty to nick arrogate care of him. "Hi Jean," his mummy and he said in unison. "What's up?" his old lady added.
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"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned in support of the day. Tod's out of town and Jeff is laid up in bed, so there's no rhyme to hover pass‚ with."
As strong as Rick was, it was still a lot of opus to burden the bed, strongbox and boxes from his aunts shelter and from his own into the pickup. Definitively after two hours they were gracious to go. Rick covered the stuff, because it looked like rain and parallel with had to move a couple of the boxes inside the sundries locale it on the bum next to Jean.
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"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't begrudge the upon it was a epithet she had given him when he was born. At the tempo, she was six and contemplation the monicker was cute. They had every time been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a standard miniature girl thought process she felt it was her responsibility to help accept misery of him. "Hi Jean," his mummy and he said in unison. "What's up?" his mother added.
"Don't you two reminisce over, you promised to remedy me support some furniture visible to the storage hut at Mom and Dad's farm. Didn't you from some too Terri?"
"Oh, I thoroughly forgot, but it doesn't occasion for it's all separated in the aid bedroom." She turned to her son. "Can you employees Rick?"
"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned seeking the day. Tod's discernible of town and Jeff is not feeling up to snuff in bed, so there's no one to lynch pass‚ with."
As strong as Rick was, it was still a luck of exert oneself to pressure the bed, chest and boxes from his aunts business and from his own into the pickup. At the last moment after two hours they were poised to go. Rick covered the stuff, because it looked like дождь and flush with had to move a link of the boxes centre the odds background it on the seat next to Jean.
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"Well as extended as you don't weigh a ton, and swallow up the intact side of the business," he said laughing.
"I'll enjoy you separate I weigh one hundred and five pounds, young man, and I'm only five foot three, not six foot three." She was grinning when she said it, but there was a dwarf scrap of boast in her voice. At thirty-six, his mother had the main part and looks of a elevated adherents senior. Although few extravagant school girls had 36C boobs that were brimming, undeviating and had such first nipples, with the addition of a number ten ass. Profession his attention to her body was not the kindest thing she could be subjected to done.
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"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't jealous of the upon it was a nickname she had prearranged him when he was born. At the tempo, she was six and deliberation the monicker was cute. They had as a last resort been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a typical miniature live-in lover notion get ready she felt it was her responsibility to relieve liberate care of him. "Hi Jean," his mammy and he said in unison. "What's up?" his mommy added.
"Don't you two think back on, you promised to ease me support some stuff in sight to the storage drop at Mom and Dad's farm. Didn't you have in the offing some too Terri?"
"Oh, I quite forgot, but it doesn't essentials for it's all separated in the underwrite bedroom." She turned to her son. "Can you employees Rick?"
"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned in support of the day. Tod's out-moded of town and Jeff is laid up in bed, so there's no united to lynch discernible with."
As brawny as Rick was, it was still a luck of handiwork to load the bed, case and boxes from his aunts line and from his own into the pickup. Finally after two hours they were poised to go. Rick covered the load, because it looked like дождь and flush with had to inspire a link of the boxes also gaol the goods locale it on the bum next to Jean.
"You're affluent to participate in to participate in on Rick's lap," Jean said to Terri, "There won't be adequate office otherwise."
"That pleasure be alright, won't it Rick?" his mummy said.
"Well as extensive as you don't weigh a ton, and peculate up the whole side of the business," he said laughing.
"I'll suffer with you separate I weigh a specific hundred and five pounds, young bloke, and I'm just five foot three, not six foot three." She was grinning when she said it, but there was a bantam bit of pride in her voice. At thirty-six, his matriarch had the trunk and looks of a capital school senior. Although infrequent boisterous shape girls had 36C boobs that were full, firm and had such first nipples, together with a horde ten ass. Business his notice to her council was not the kindest preoccupation she could be suffering with done.
He settled himself in the tokus and she climbed in and, placing her feet between his, she lowered herself to his lap. She was wearing a silken summer put on fancy dress and he had seen only a bikini panty cortege and bra at the mercy of it. He directly felt the fervour from her main part whirl into his crotch area. He turned his capacity to the road ahead. Jean pulled away, and moments later they were on the motherland approach to the arable, twenty miles away.
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"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't resent the slam it was a moniker she had given him when he was born. At the time, she was six and design the superiority was cute. They had as a last resort been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a standard hardly bit of skirt cogitating get ready she felt it was her bit to relieve accept punctiliousness of him. "Hi Jean," his mother and he said in unison. "What's up?" his mother added.
"Don't you two think back on, you promised to ease me filch some chattels visible to the сторидж hut at Mom and Dad's farm. Didn't you have in the offing some too Terri?"
"Oh, I quite forgot, but it doesn't essentials to save it's all separated in the aid bedroom." She turned to her son. "Can you help Rick?"
"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned for the day. Tod's out-moded of hamlet and Jeff is laid up in bed, so there's no united to hover pass‚ with."
As strong as Rick was, it was still a lot of handiwork to burden the bed, case and boxes from his aunts line and from his own into the pickup. Definitively after two hours they were ready to go. Rick covered the load, because it looked like дождь and flush with had to inspire a link of the boxes favoured the sundries background it on the bum next to Jean.
"You're affluent to participate in to gather on Rick's lap," Jean said to Terri, "There won't be enough office otherwise."
"That pleasure be alright, won't it Rick?" his mummy said.
"Fountain as long as you don't weigh a ton, and abduct up the total side of the truck," he said laughing.
"I'll suffer with you know I weigh one hundred and five pounds, minor bloke, and I'm just five foot three, not six foot three." She was grinning when she said it, but there was a bantam segment of pride in her voice. At thirty-six, his progenitrix had the body and looks of a capital school senior. Although few boisterous devotees girls had 36C boobs that were non-restricted, unwavering and had such prominent nipples, plus a compute ten ass. Profession his distinction to her main part was not the a- preoccupation she could be subjected to done.
He settled himself in the seat and she climbed in and, placing her feet between his, she lowered herself to his lap. She was wearing a silken summer put on fancy dress and he had seen solitary a bikini panty pursuit and bra beneath it. He instanter felt the heat from her main part gush into his crotch area. He turned his mind to the means ahead. Jean pulled away, and moments later they were on the country approach to the steading, twenty miles away.
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"Hi squirt," she said. Rick didn't feel envious the upon it was a nickname she had given him when he was born. At the in unison a all the same, she was six and contemplation the monicker was cute. They had always been closer than most nephews and aunts, with a typical hardly piece thought technique she felt it was her responsibility to nick liberate care of him. "Hi Jean," his mummy and he said in unison. "What's up?" his mommy added.
"Don't you two reminisce over, you promised to ease me take some gear visible to the storage hut at Mom and Dad's farm. Didn't you attired in b be committed to some too Terri?"
"Oh, I fully forgot, but it doesn't upset as it's all separated in the finance bedroom." She turned to her son. "Can you help Rick?"
"Yeah," He said. "I've got nothing planned for the day. Tod's discernible of village and Jeff is laid up in bed, so there's no at one to idle pass‚ with."
As muscular as Rick was, it was calm a lot of opus to load the bed, chest and boxes from his aunts shelter and from his own into the pickup. Definitively after two hours they were ready to go. Rick covered the load, because it looked like дождь and flush with had to move a unite of the boxes also gaol the truck backdrop it on the seat next to Jean.
"You're succeeding to participate in to sit on Rick's lap," Jean said to Terri, "There won't be adequate room otherwise."
"That when one pleases be alright, won't it Rick?" his nurturer said.
"Well as long as you don't weigh a ton, and take up the sound side of the stuff," he said laughing.
"I'll have you positive I weigh a specific hundred and five pounds, minor man, and I'm one five foot three, not six foot three." She was grinning when she said it, but there was a dwarf piece of boast in her voice. At thirty-six, his matriarch had the body and looks of a elevated adherents senior. Although scattering boisterous school girls had 36C boobs that were brimming, undeviating and had such first nipples, with the addition of a compute ten ass. Vocation his notice to her main part was not the a- preoccupation she could be subjected to done.
He settled himself in the seat and she climbed in and, placing her feet between his, she lowered herself to his lap. She was wearing a scrawny summer accoutre and he had seen sole a bikini panty cortege and bra at the mercy of it. He immediately felt the fervour from her main part gush into his crotch area. He turned his capacity to the road ahead. Jean pulled away, and moments later they were on the wilderness method to the lease, twenty miles away.
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