Pine nuts production in Tunisia: A review of stakes practices and socio-economic constraints
Last November 13th, more than 30 persons attended the Science to Practice event held in the north west of Tunisia (Nefza) to explore Pine nuts extraction practices and the economic importance of this product to local population livelihood.
The stone pine has been introduced in Tunisia a long time ago; the first plantations were carried out in the region of Dar Chichou (Cap Bon) and Rimel (Bizerte) at the end of the 19th century to fix the coastal dunes. The total area of stone pine in Tunisia covers around 20000 Hectares. The Stone Pine forests in Nefza delegation covers more than 5000 Hectares. Over the last 15 years, a radical change in the practice of pinion pinecone harvesting has been observed. The Administration organized auctions to sell the right to exploit these cones, but for more than 10 years, there have been fewer and fewer buyers because of the illegal harvests.
Forests are managed and administrated by the state forest agency, which are perceived as being accessible to all. The majority of people interviewed during the science to practice event recognize that it is not advisable to carry out premature harvests, but say that if they do not harvest the cones quickly, "Free riders" will do so before them. They could be pickers from the same area or from other regions. Indeed, the most suitable period to collect pinecones is during the autumn between October and November. Collecting cones during this period is very important to have the highest levels of quality and production yield. However, in Tunisia this season is held earlier than expected (start in August), causing huge losses for foresters, in terms of future production, and for the forest population, in terms of pine’s quality.
Early harvest threatens local ecosystems that produce stone pine plantations as well as affects the potential effectiveness of the natural regeneration that becomes more and more impossible. Foresters asserted that pinecones do not even touch the ground because they are harvested before reaching maturity. In addition, local population tends to harvest pinecones too early to fund their children’s education, as harvesting and extracting pine nuts ensure a significant income support, which could reach 6000 Dinars per family per year.
Various actors are involved in the pine nuts value chain. They are mainly informal workers given the lack of legal access to raw materials. The pine stands of pine trees are state-owned plantations managed by the forest service from the production stage at the nursery to forestry operations, pruning and thinning. Cone collectors and processors (extraction of seeds) live around the pine forest areas, which are mainly located in the north of the country. These actors are operating individually or in groups (agricultural development groups, GDA). Traders and collectors have a key role in controlling the marketing system in production areas. They have a strong relationship with large-scale traders and wholesalers who ensure the transport of harvested pine nuts to Tunis.
Actually, young people and adults living around forest areas insure the harvest activity. Workers engaged to climb trees are mainly composed of men and children. However, this activity is often carried out without necessary climbing and safety equipment. Some accidents have been reported in the Nefza region. After that, cones are transported to households to extract kernels through two steps; the extraction of seeds (after drying for a few days) then the pine nuts (over an extended period and according to demand). Women usually take care of the shelling of cones and seeds using traditional extraction methods. The extraction of pine nuts is a difficult task and labor intensive since it requires more effort to break the cone.
Another challenging problem to be addressed by DGF is adopting a robust management system of stone pine forests, which in turn would allow better legal access to forest resources by the local communities and different stakeholders involved in this activity. Furthermore, promoting appropriate technologies and equipment for more efficient extraction of pine can help to strengthen the resilience of socio-ecological systems and the economic status of local populations.
Finally, policymakers place great importance on developing inclusive and more integrated policy solutions that satisfy the needs of both foresters and forest populations. Moreover, there is still a need to transmit to local communities the importance of respecting the annual growth cycle of pine. Extension campaign, information and training courses would increase their awareness towards quality production as well as to preserve the future forest resources.
Comments (8935)
darbar c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/VzRJJ7bVybzYn2RJ
https://sway.office.com/FVyNodepcupntfzj
https://sway.office.com/x203TaTdqqg0J2E3
https://sway.office.com/10eUfhEeyDu0BIBc
https://sway.office.com/ITCZOp0DOXRxFjy6
https://sway.office.com/iWEH2mREaKWV2AsG
https://sway.office.com/56ENEfp9AUjgsZYV
https://sway.office.com/XUEUwXXvY3ETmMQG
https://sway.office.com/FqgLz1tz836buRN2
https://sway.office.com/EkQpQD3xmPbpGsX6
http://www.kpg.fapz.uniag.sk/index.php?a=2&addpost&page=1
туған жердің көрінісі, туған
жер әңгіме huawei band 7 не подключается к телефону, huawei watch
gt 3 не подключается к телефону будущее нашей страны эссе,
диалог на тему мы будущее нашей страны колл центр авиата,
авиата жд контакты
Look at my webpage; шымкент плаза кино расписание
music ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/music-ringtones
furhane c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/Y4x7caaIpfqUVcmV
https://sway.office.com/Z4PzG6uZ9t2jTeVW
https://sway.office.com/KEDaxeXzquklqa62
https://sway.office.com/II5ZEzmjmCufXEOi
https://sway.office.com/amWZgwTfTOWHUvVQ
https://sway.office.com/6wp0lTKB8RX1im5r
https://sway.office.com/hstM2WY7Mqnrljff
https://sway.office.com/HXeZXjqrXPFsNnMc
https://sway.office.com/qp1UV0HDzoEWPFcK
https://sway.office.com/dc6YmUP5pj1WN65J
http://cup.extreme-attack.eu/index.php?site=profile&id=8&action=guestbook&type=ASC&page=1
онлайн жарамазан текст, жарамазан
текст шымкент оқу және тіл дамыту күнтізбелік жоспар 7 сынып, тіл
дамыту факультатив 4 сынып
сабақ жоспары развитие цветной
металлургии в казахстане, крупнейший центр,
цветной металлургии казахстана статья 202 ук рк,
значительный ущерб ук рк
Feel free to surf to my website: абайдың рухани құндылықтары – тәрбие басы
marimba remix ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/marimba-remix-ringtones
заклинание забвения это сонник с покойником на кладбище молитва иосиф волоцкий
грязная плита к чему снится к чему приснился певец живой
Also visit my website: 1 апреля: что нельзя делать
fatmar c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/toOLcQRI7uYhWnUG
https://sway.office.com/eaQ09a0EAmZChLZ6
https://sway.office.com/n9AxeN2I69dzesRJ
https://sway.office.com/weT71DF5UoqxkaCj
https://sway.office.com/xYB64JqsYg4XA252
https://sway.office.com/5Gc2EI5JjKPJFuki
https://sway.office.com/DUE6pwK46Lz1QTGJ
https://sway.office.com/Y3tQoQ2Fi8r75wsD
https://sway.office.com/4Abq0dnSybJTmxWF
https://sway.office.com/WiB9p4fy8eh9AqDk
https://www.sakemaru.net/phone/bbs
The worldwide sports sector has been drastically influenced by the
COVID-19 pandemic due to restrictions on sporting activities across the globe.
Feel free to surf to my page Sports Gamble Site
pharmacie qui vend médicaments Mepha Pharma Mortsel Acheter
médicaments en ligne : les avantages et les inconvénients
My page ... acquista farmaci senza prescrizione in Svizzera Zydus Saint-Ghislain
instrumental ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/instrumental-ringtones
danicha c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/7XkZsgdjd3XHPN8q
https://sway.office.com/GZcqPihHqyAFD1Hx
https://sway.office.com/gHmHBRhMFSDwb4E8
https://sway.office.com/ilCgcAgtF0QFYoxu
https://sway.office.com/gkR32E5tqPaCrWAR
https://sway.office.com/3ZHJuzchJLFk9GoE
https://sway.office.com/vAhXQJXVddcCgfB3
https://sway.office.com/8QA1QL47tLp0snEC
https://sway.office.com/D0cGze5tOH5YdilF
https://sway.office.com/G8W7FflQG80GA6EC
https://bcbweb.bai.ne.jp/~alh22101/cgi-bin/yybbs/yybbs.cgi
wwe theme songs https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/wwe-theme-songs-ringtones
бьютимания актобе адрес, beautymania
актобе погода шиели 10 дней, погода
в шиели на 14 дней метеопрог смарт нейшн қызылорда, смарт нейшн уральск
алтай био казахстан телефон, био астана
Also visit my blog post - маңғыстаудың көрікті жерлері
newmcail c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/kFPaxiHCGTVTbeg6
https://sway.office.com/E7YXMcHkumizmcZW
https://sway.office.com/ioYmzgpiDmA4ItmP
https://sway.office.com/OXgRKeujAIEP3ErK
https://sway.office.com/6jLKX9GtJdgQUnpN
https://sway.office.com/pyaIJZthMn7h8RBI
https://sway.office.com/0W2WDEN9eupRDSw4
https://sway.office.com/cGdUAbcLbdHUBZYX
https://sway.office.com/EBE7fnaPWfnBtDpw
https://sway.office.com/MHfYVNbjZvRz88GC
http://skalsa.ru/component/k2/item/26-cambodzha-chast-1/
howtaim c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/JTJB4eKih8dYS2mT
https://sway.office.com/3hogttDfSebqqCtM
https://sway.office.com/syAKz9u8yvewi2pO
https://sway.office.com/A1RZFZzVI7ry4I5L
https://sway.office.com/TbQKFzwHnq18pX5F
https://sway.office.com/vamrXwYf7fTCQYKM
https://sway.office.com/DleEBL4i3cHn4rU8
https://sway.office.com/toxBroVNlHj4rdDO
https://sway.office.com/vBxjZedjin5gE3Qh
https://sway.office.com/n1ZSKarwGJsiTebC
https://markfield-online.com/message/
funny ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/funny-ringtones
music ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/music-ringtones
leoappe c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/I0G85A1VU0bpgpao
https://sway.office.com/D8Hsmzb72tSOE9Yz
https://sway.office.com/7kLxktDUzd15CRBU
https://sway.office.com/JTuJXIGala0lJYMh
https://sway.office.com/tgEyj0GfZsozUOpQ
https://sway.office.com/rmFZjyjlsyltulCW
https://sway.office.com/vDsDA7OULT0hqZNF
https://sway.office.com/pEDqypPj6gqQm0Az
https://sway.office.com/LFBkAxW8tqL6xui9
https://sway.office.com/JnbPtRGpCoT9f5SH
http://turezure.sakura.ne.jp/keijiban_v9/light.cgi
plenvydy c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/FKs9qNmDdOeEjzvA
https://sway.office.com/lpPvh555kkmrboCN
https://sway.office.com/5hACICTeiE5cTMVc
https://sway.office.com/ZjHbnyEdNmuvXmpk
https://sway.office.com/mafeLM6NzOYHgXI9
https://sway.office.com/sOJF9fpRtT1AaOBa
https://sway.office.com/n99jGNjfHdLaoqoX
https://sway.office.com/6nO6r5xBHeNQ1oUs
https://sway.office.com/MlZC9VUDPsprbeAA
https://sway.office.com/qFscflMd8nIUCKN0
https://zsstraz.cz/web/index.php?a=315&addpost
неблагонадежный поставщик, список бездействующих налогоплательщиков рк азат жумадил, азат жумадил сериалы
ago price today, diesel 10 ppm platts price today как принимать глицерин до или после еды, глицерин инструкция
Also visit my homepage ... зерттеу сұрақтарын анықтау тәсілі
music ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/music-ringtones
instrumental ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/instrumental-ringtones
animal ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/animal-ringtones
до чого сниться зрада коханої людини
сниться говорити про смерть
до чого сняться півні чоловікові повішений думки чоловіки таро
my web-site: гороскоп 7 днів близнюки
music ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/music-ringtones
nerkal c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/AOS3qqEsveolvVqN
https://sway.office.com/2JGxVNDnIXtwnDTd
https://sway.office.com/OYDuaHqyEno1xR5m
https://sway.office.com/SRI2WQBiPCCrBDAD
https://sway.office.com/473Q22CE22eQpOe7
https://sway.office.com/vrnEfQwxzgbRD5Ea
https://sway.office.com/nndHsCvL0zagcCBz
https://sway.office.com/BEvkALaQND5O55us
https://sway.office.com/sdtlBh943jCYc254
https://sway.office.com/hAXi0DKYc4tSojiw
https://www.zhaoxipv.com/message/message.php?lang=en
beaolde c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/YEh3CNFoJmtkhW9B
https://sway.office.com/FmHVMfzuRkvYmK6H
https://sway.office.com/mg3KmgH71U0bgL1h
https://sway.office.com/Gmh0AZtfhApQBmeS
https://sway.office.com/4hhlWPj7QKI54IDo
https://sway.office.com/49iZR6H8CLaFYzc1
https://sway.office.com/eZ671HXXSg1cg36G
https://sway.office.com/KAOygdIFITrXLliH
https://sway.office.com/AKXYnet9AD1C8YeY
https://sway.office.com/EgXCwmtye4MC2oQY
http://www.heyipin.com/message/message.php?lang=en
marimba remix ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/marimba-remix-ringtones
Hi there, I want to subscribe for this blog to take hottest updates, therefore where
can i do it please assist.
my site Shantae
samsung ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/samsung-ringtones
flozen c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/w08E86mKBuJapqzY
https://sway.office.com/0PB3wHigZI77xTzL
https://sway.office.com/8t77Q1uhexGwFNoH
https://sway.office.com/00OTHdKA86kx1mB3
https://sway.office.com/vrocp3QD1jeCJ6ie
https://sway.office.com/23VpUXI3s9WPENA0
https://sway.office.com/u9ZbkwA1xq5fAxak
https://sway.office.com/NwBWro3br6dEeJyT
https://sway.office.com/2Ez9aNs5uaodGdXb
https://sway.office.com/HArBuNVCSW8HXu1P
http://blackpirateradio.altervista.org/component/kide/]
aloddor c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/bJphm6EBsNC4iu9p
https://sway.office.com/XNtNCpilkxWcBLJp
https://sway.office.com/ejBOGWzdvrcR0Amx
https://sway.office.com/qWaBi9bvVcuQDwDj
https://sway.office.com/GlzWbdJzeUZ9fmTL
https://sway.office.com/kI8LiLSztGrnbHka
https://sway.office.com/xpbCDg8ghqdtsGLu
https://sway.office.com/ywF12QHCfW7ZEj7K
https://sway.office.com/2f9huVfSv8K0SwW5
https://sway.office.com/8Et9F9Hwir2FneSz
http://www.veverk.cz/index.php?a=151&addpost
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and
wished to say that I have really loved surfing around your weblog posts.
In any case I will be subscribing in your rss feed and I'm hoping
you write again very soon!
Review my webpage chompers io
music ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/music-ringtones
Wonderful site. A lot of useful info here. I'm sending it to several
friends ans also sharing in delicious. And obviously, thanks in your effort!
My homepage - Penney
kaflind c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/aDFNVElxaS20lh0h
https://sway.office.com/jY21E0sDjMVpkL8H
https://sway.office.com/tYEzYsljmmZelimX
https://sway.office.com/0pwF3zXJP9A0YkB4
https://sway.office.com/coWM8sEkE1ziQYfv
https://sway.office.com/N2A48066upFx6ZaV
https://sway.office.com/nOsKgyjfyrB9mkmY
https://sway.office.com/fqe0HSzgkVOeNt4M
https://sway.office.com/w0FO1fgtJcXUDmKX
https://sway.office.com/OmEBphh6asIn3v61
http://ww.w.veverk.cz/index.php?a=89&addpost
The odds compete with all the other sportsbooks on this list, producing
FanDuel an all-around great selection for soccer bettors.
Check out my site :: U.S. sports betting
medicijnen te bestellen periactin rezeptfrei erhältlich in Berlin België Stada Essen medicamentos disponible en línea en Francia
schenr c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/LAAJZHmfbtPpXqAW
https://sway.office.com/NzhBtNXZkNO7Vjhl
https://sway.office.com/oLMDUcSEIkZxpALm
https://sway.office.com/gqJbnsWj0AhZkH2E
https://sway.office.com/gL2VKVDNUBP8bmyo
https://sway.office.com/tOaCDNuyGVFkOfN5
https://sway.office.com/RUdMoh3KORAnzgkF
https://sway.office.com/ZgPPIVAmVhYvpHmi
https://sway.office.com/CgQhnbGJ6C59U8j6
https://sway.office.com/FLhNwtNuRbSxDIXS
https://margemfrio.pt/index.php/user-page/item/15-simple-blog-post-5
marimba remix ringtones https://downloadfreeringtoness.com/marimba-remix-ringtones
finlnir c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/BfCHmBDxx5hCZsdE
https://sway.office.com/3Ojb208bKSNHEcOn
https://sway.office.com/KNBUeCZL7iIJiB2I
https://sway.office.com/AMpJMoGIDds4koAN
https://sway.office.com/65igVDDX9yZzBg4K
https://sway.office.com/aAKyIiNX4kCXDwIw
https://sway.office.com/9WuqsFqOdAj4ls55
https://sway.office.com/rlJBz4nepHEL8cpE
https://sway.office.com/HsJTlYJpOaZTQyWe
https://sway.office.com/SeEIHbvrA4ZdmIee
http://www.truckingpalomba.it/index.php?option=com_kide&view=kide&tmpl=component
Greetings, There's no doubt that your site might be having browser compatibility
issues. Whenever I look at your blog Preis für norventyl ohne Rezept in Deutschland Safari, it looks fine however, when opening
in IE, it's got some overlapping issues.
I simply wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Other than that, fantastic website!
benkrys c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/BHm8ICBe0fOW2qSR
https://sway.office.com/lnda8YawdRm0hlGt
https://sway.office.com/IzHsaxwASBiVqUzA
https://sway.office.com/5oUVrGP7wA57tQMK
https://sway.office.com/08004BYpABNPUTPn
https://sway.office.com/TagF824wDMtqWtaZ
https://sway.office.com/gnHIvtUzdMFERNA0
https://sway.office.com/qm2eFH7wgSvfTZTK
https://sway.office.com/Djk4NGNp3XYDR2xm
https://sway.office.com/q1g0jdrQDD2peF7E
https://steffiusa.jimdofree.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
gleger c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/actKCtwqnj0yUDW2
https://sway.office.com/r2PGnFma4g2C8xBI
https://sway.office.com/poejFzjdyQk9amjt
https://sway.office.com/69kbz71bnGdcufHr
https://sway.office.com/auEQKOxK3qmjaY43
https://sway.office.com/Zqur0w8b9Ot5RgUu
https://sway.office.com/bT2AtlbLZNxMJBHp
https://sway.office.com/T8JTunPmQjF7WGam
https://sway.office.com/t4BKczkWkNbFVr8C
https://sway.office.com/L8Hr7IUCNZoySn4T
https://landfrauen-malmsheim.de/index.php/component/kide/verlauf/
sarwren c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/mVNvQ95C42TgLK4n
https://sway.office.com/91LLJUBhDr1ZjmhP
https://sway.office.com/UaovC8M7OBmO9p2t
https://sway.office.com/B8l0RtkUgejrfvXB
https://sway.office.com/DVEWPc7N0BFknwyK
https://sway.office.com/1EOHMahSepCuH8jv
https://sway.office.com/SWQuLwS2HH0XmW0k
https://sway.office.com/Xv3u7tJpHydOp8y1
https://sway.office.com/Oc6LXMEJZR8IqxxI
https://sway.office.com/Orj8IRG49467AqBM
http://talk.gamemc.eu/index.php?site=profile&id=19357&action=guestbook
gianyaki c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/GCFoB3qB4QyYEBwu
https://sway.office.com/lg4fZhF3qi95JwQ0
https://sway.office.com/eEsU9XhAZgSehnuF
https://sway.office.com/sgtfuqbChbq69GlS
https://sway.office.com/Sdi5dggb1Wv3tAhy
https://sway.office.com/EHCEZsZWemjplVbT
https://sway.office.com/WhBR6vhcGCV5hpGv
https://sway.office.com/dGnS9rfaECusviq1
https://sway.office.com/DjIrZtstkAgeTm7d
https://sway.office.com/JDFN7ipWyg29nT5T
https://aura.ocnk.net/bbs
napyfeni c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/iysAQUgZECbMkAgj
https://sway.office.com/g9yGl3ESjC1Tl28Q
https://sway.office.com/4NfsCSoifLHSTRJR
https://sway.office.com/UKOvzhHaHVJ3Ftjb
https://sway.office.com/yGrqo79if80v3uca
https://sway.office.com/Bz1go73mMLRwJS0h
https://sway.office.com/pl9S0pyOlgQDA5ZY
https://sway.office.com/G153yJ20Ageo0LKp
https://sway.office.com/CcDcmRp5etnJa88t
https://sway.office.com/wQjEHbUcWvPDJOfb
https://japan-freunde-magdeburg.jimdofree.com/g%C3%A4stebuch/
reesett c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/JVOsWPWAVqeRdr5E
https://sway.office.com/Xn5aG4EjjB6IBDVL
https://sway.office.com/6nQzhDYGZl9y4ymR
https://sway.office.com/27CuYEeqCDelWgcM
https://sway.office.com/Xm59DrF98gZdCGL8
https://sway.office.com/BQMeDuIjqrjKgxu4
https://sway.office.com/zcdvwXrQX23gLB8F
https://sway.office.com/z9jWFZW78lsDnYPW
https://sway.office.com/hyNnoXeLZhpDKwFM
https://sway.office.com/gEWIFaIAVQA2p6wK
https://www.holidaycycling.com/message/
ollyquan c2936d4fca https://sway.office.com/xomtzU2aye6CYrLJ
https://sway.office.com/75qXVF9i7yOs8DDj
https://sway.office.com/s161CTtYRkHqU8pi
https://sway.office.com/i7lFKUuikuyIanrm
https://sway.office.com/BMiCmgpMUGIiFYDd
https://sway.office.com/fIcp7DkVeLbKEyCB
https://sway.office.com/908GtKISXWdjcEef
https://sway.office.com/noCG1qbCJTZBsJP4
https://sway.office.com/PqVR6MjacJsAk94L
https://sway.office.com/c21SwrB0MnCOB7k2
http://smegoist.sakura.ne.jp/bbs2/syobbs.cgi
Pages
Add Comment